Add tool to read a Rust crate and generate C-compatible wrappers
[rust-lightning] / c-bindings-gen / src / types.rs
diff --git a/c-bindings-gen/src/types.rs b/c-bindings-gen/src/types.rs
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..56bb4e6
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2021 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use proc_macro2::{TokenTree, Span};
+
+// The following utils are used purely to build our known types maps - they break down all the
+// types we need to resolve to include the given object, and no more.
+
+pub fn first_seg_self<'a>(t: &'a syn::Type) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item=&syn::PathSegment> + 'a> {
+       match t {
+               syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                       if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                               return None;
+                       }
+                       let mut segs = p.path.segments.iter();
+                       let ty = segs.next().unwrap();
+                       if !ty.arguments.is_empty() { return None; }
+                       if format!("{}", ty.ident) == "Self" {
+                               Some(segs)
+                       } else { None }
+               },
+               _ => None,
+       }
+}
+
+pub fn get_single_remaining_path_seg<'a, I: Iterator<Item=&'a syn::PathSegment>>(segs: &mut I) -> Option<&'a syn::Ident> {
+       if let Some(ty) = segs.next() {
+               if !ty.arguments.is_empty() { unimplemented!(); }
+               if segs.next().is_some() { return None; }
+               Some(&ty.ident)
+       } else { None }
+}
+
+pub fn assert_single_path_seg<'a>(p: &'a syn::Path) -> &'a syn::Ident {
+       if p.leading_colon.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+       get_single_remaining_path_seg(&mut p.segments.iter()).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub fn single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(p: &syn::Path) -> Option<&syn::Ident> {
+       if p.segments.len() == 1 {
+               Some(&p.segments.iter().next().unwrap().ident)
+       } else { None }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ExportStatus {
+       Export,
+       NoExport,
+       TestOnly,
+}
+/// Gets the ExportStatus of an object (struct, fn, etc) given its attributes.
+pub fn export_status(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> ExportStatus {
+       for attr in attrs.iter() {
+               let tokens_clone = attr.tokens.clone();
+               let mut token_iter = tokens_clone.into_iter();
+               if let Some(token) = token_iter.next() {
+                       match token {
+                               TokenTree::Punct(c) if c.as_char() == '=' => {
+                                       // Really not sure where syn gets '=' from here -
+                                       // it somehow represents '///' or '//!'
+                               },
+                               TokenTree::Group(g) => {
+                                       if format!("{}", single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&attr.path).unwrap()) == "cfg" {
+                                               let mut iter = g.stream().into_iter();
+                                               if let TokenTree::Ident(i) = iter.next().unwrap() {
+                                                       if i == "any" {
+                                                               // #[cfg(any(test, feature = ""))]
+                                                               if let TokenTree::Group(g) = iter.next().unwrap() {
+                                                                       if let TokenTree::Ident(i) = g.stream().into_iter().next().unwrap() {
+                                                                               if i == "test" || i == "feature" {
+                                                                                       // If its cfg(feature(...)) we assume its test-only
+                                                                                       return ExportStatus::TestOnly;
+                                                                               }
+                                                                       }
+                                                               }
+                                                       } else if i == "test" || i == "feature" {
+                                                               // If its cfg(feature(...)) we assume its test-only
+                                                               return ExportStatus::TestOnly;
+                                                       }
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       continue; // eg #[derive()]
+                               },
+                               _ => unimplemented!(),
+                       }
+               } else { continue; }
+               match token_iter.next().unwrap() {
+                       TokenTree::Literal(lit) => {
+                               let line = format!("{}", lit);
+                               if line.contains("(C-not exported)") {
+                                       return ExportStatus::NoExport;
+                               }
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+       ExportStatus::Export
+}
+
+pub fn assert_simple_bound(bound: &syn::TraitBound) {
+       if bound.paren_token.is_some() || bound.lifetimes.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+       if let syn::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe(_) = bound.modifier { unimplemented!(); }
+}
+
+/// A stack of sets of generic resolutions.
+///
+/// This tracks the template parameters for a function, struct, or trait, allowing resolution into
+/// a concrete type. By pushing a new context onto the stack, this can track a function's template
+/// parameters inside of a generic struct or trait.
+///
+/// It maps both direct types as well as Deref<Target = X>, mapping them via the provided
+/// TypeResolver's resolve_path function (ie traits map to the concrete jump table, structs to the
+/// concrete C container struct, etc).
+pub struct GenericTypes<'a> {
+       typed_generics: Vec<HashMap<&'a syn::Ident, (String, Option<&'a syn::Path>)>>,
+}
+impl<'a> GenericTypes<'a> {
+       pub fn new() -> Self {
+               Self { typed_generics: vec![HashMap::new()], }
+       }
+
+       /// push a new context onto the stack, allowing for a new set of generics to be learned which
+       /// will override any lower contexts, but which will still fall back to resoltion via lower
+       /// contexts.
+       pub fn push_ctx(&mut self) {
+               self.typed_generics.push(HashMap::new());
+       }
+       /// pop the latest context off the stack.
+       pub fn pop_ctx(&mut self) {
+               self.typed_generics.pop();
+       }
+
+       /// Learn the generics in generics in the current context, given a TypeResolver.
+       pub fn learn_generics<'b, 'c>(&mut self, generics: &'a syn::Generics, types: &'b TypeResolver<'a, 'c>) -> bool {
+               for generic in generics.params.iter() {
+                       match generic {
+                               syn::GenericParam::Type(type_param) => {
+                                       let mut non_lifetimes_processed = false;
+                                       for bound in type_param.bounds.iter() {
+                                               if let syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(trait_bound) = bound {
+                                                       if let Some(ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&trait_bound.path) {
+                                                               match &format!("{}", ident) as &str { "Send" => continue, "Sync" => continue, _ => {} }
+                                                       }
+
+                                                       assert_simple_bound(&trait_bound);
+                                                       if let Some(mut path) = types.maybe_resolve_path(&trait_bound.path) {
+                                                               if types.skip_path(&path) { continue; }
+                                                               if non_lifetimes_processed { return false; }
+                                                               non_lifetimes_processed = true;
+                                                               let new_ident = if path != "std::ops::Deref" {
+                                                                       path = "crate::".to_string() + &path;
+                                                                       Some(&trait_bound.path)
+                                                               } else { None };
+                                                               self.typed_generics.last_mut().unwrap().insert(&type_param.ident, (path, new_ident));
+                                                       } else { return false; }
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               },
+                               _ => {},
+                       }
+               }
+               if let Some(wh) = &generics.where_clause {
+                       for pred in wh.predicates.iter() {
+                               if let syn::WherePredicate::Type(t) = pred {
+                                       if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &t.bounded_ty {
+                                               if p.qself.is_some() { return false; }
+                                               if p.path.leading_colon.is_some() { return false; }
+                                               let mut p_iter = p.path.segments.iter();
+                                               if let Some(gen) = self.typed_generics.last_mut().unwrap().get_mut(&p_iter.next().unwrap().ident) {
+                                                       if gen.0 != "std::ops::Deref" { return false; }
+                                                       if &format!("{}", p_iter.next().unwrap().ident) != "Target" { return false; }
+
+                                                       let mut non_lifetimes_processed = false;
+                                                       for bound in t.bounds.iter() {
+                                                               if let syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(trait_bound) = bound {
+                                                                       if non_lifetimes_processed { return false; }
+                                                                       non_lifetimes_processed = true;
+                                                                       assert_simple_bound(&trait_bound);
+                                                                       *gen = ("crate::".to_string() + &types.resolve_path(&trait_bound.path),
+                                                                               Some(&trait_bound.path));
+                                                               }
+                                                       }
+                                               } else { return false; }
+                                       } else { return false; }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               for (_, (_, ident)) in self.typed_generics.last().unwrap().iter() {
+                       if ident.is_none() { return false; }
+               }
+               true
+       }
+
+       /// Attempt to resolve an Ident as a generic parameter and return the full path.
+       pub fn maybe_resolve_ident<'b>(&'b self, ident: &syn::Ident) -> Option<&'b String> {
+               for gen in self.typed_generics.iter().rev() {
+                       if let Some(res) = gen.get(ident).map(|(a, _)| a) {
+                               return Some(res);
+                       }
+               }
+               None
+       }
+       /// Attempt to resolve a Path as a generic parameter and return the full path. as both a string
+       /// and syn::Path.
+       pub fn maybe_resolve_path<'b>(&'b self, path: &syn::Path) -> Option<(&'b String, &'a syn::Path)> {
+               if let Some(ident) = path.get_ident() {
+                       for gen in self.typed_generics.iter().rev() {
+                               if let Some(res) = gen.get(ident).map(|(a, b)| (a, b.unwrap())) {
+                                       return Some(res);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               None
+       }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+// The type of declaration and the object itself
+pub enum DeclType<'a> {
+       MirroredEnum,
+       Trait(&'a syn::ItemTrait),
+       StructImported,
+       StructIgnored,
+       EnumIgnored,
+}
+
+/// Top-level struct tracking everything which has been defined while walking the crate.
+pub struct CrateTypes<'a> {
+       /// This may contain structs or enums, but only when either is mapped as
+       /// struct X { inner: *mut originalX, .. }
+       pub opaques: HashMap<String, &'a syn::Ident>,
+       /// Enums which are mapped as C enums with conversion functions
+       pub mirrored_enums: HashMap<String, &'a syn::ItemEnum>,
+       /// Traits which are mapped as a pointer + jump table
+       pub traits: HashMap<String, &'a syn::ItemTrait>,
+       /// Template continer types defined, map from mangled type name -> whether a destructor fn
+       /// exists.
+       ///
+       /// This is used at the end of processing to make C++ wrapper classes
+       pub templates_defined: HashMap<String, bool>,
+       /// The output file for any created template container types, written to as we find new
+       /// template containers which need to be defined.
+       pub template_file: &'a mut File,
+}
+
+/// A struct which tracks resolving rust types into C-mapped equivalents, exists for one specific
+/// module but contains a reference to the overall CrateTypes tracking.
+pub struct TypeResolver<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft: 'mod_lifetime> {
+       pub orig_crate: &'mod_lifetime str,
+       pub module_path: &'mod_lifetime str,
+       imports: HashMap<syn::Ident, String>,
+       // ident -> is-mirrored-enum
+       declared: HashMap<syn::Ident, DeclType<'crate_lft>>,
+       pub crate_types: &'mod_lifetime mut CrateTypes<'crate_lft>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'c: 'a> TypeResolver<'a, 'c> {
+       pub fn new(orig_crate: &'a str, module_path: &'a str, crate_types: &'a mut CrateTypes<'c>) -> Self {
+               let mut imports = HashMap::new();
+               // Add primitives to the "imports" list:
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("bool", Span::call_site()), "bool".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("u64", Span::call_site()), "u64".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("u32", Span::call_site()), "u32".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("u16", Span::call_site()), "u16".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("u8", Span::call_site()), "u8".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("usize", Span::call_site()), "usize".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("str", Span::call_site()), "str".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("String", Span::call_site()), "String".to_string());
+
+               // These are here to allow us to print native Rust types in trait fn impls even if we don't
+               // have C mappings:
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("Result", Span::call_site()), "Result".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("Vec", Span::call_site()), "Vec".to_string());
+               imports.insert(syn::Ident::new("Option", Span::call_site()), "Option".to_string());
+               Self { orig_crate, module_path, imports, declared: HashMap::new(), crate_types }
+       }
+
+       // *************************************************
+       // *** Well know type and conversion definitions ***
+       // *************************************************
+
+       /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
+       fn skip_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool {
+               full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Secp256k1" ||
+               full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signing" ||
+               full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Verification"
+       }
+       /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
+       fn no_arg_path_to_rust(&self, full_path: &str) -> &str {
+               if full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Secp256k1" {
+                       "&bitcoin::secp256k1::Secp256k1::new()"
+               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+       }
+
+       /// Returns true if the object is a primitive and is mapped as-is with no conversion
+       /// whatsoever.
+       pub fn is_primitive(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool {
+               match full_path {
+                       "bool" => true,
+                       "u64" => true,
+                       "u32" => true,
+                       "u16" => true,
+                       "u8" => true,
+                       "usize" => true,
+                       _ => false,
+               }
+       }
+       /// Gets the C-mapped type for types which are outside of the crate, or which are manually
+       /// ignored by for some reason need mapping anyway.
+       fn c_type_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &'b str, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<&'b str> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return Some(full_path);
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "Result" => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CResult"),
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CVec"),
+                       "Option" => Some(""),
+
+                       // Note that no !is_ref types can map to an array because Rust and C's call semantics
+                       // for arrays are different (https://github.com/eqrion/cbindgen/issues/528)
+
+                       "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SixteenBytes"),
+                       "[u8; 10]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TenBytes"),
+                       "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::FourBytes"),
+                       "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThreeBytes"), // Used for RGB values
+
+                       "str" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Str"),
+                       "String" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CVec_u8Z"),
+                       "String" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Str"),
+
+                       "std::time::Duration" => Some("u64"),
+
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some("crate::c_types::PublicKey"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some("crate::c_types::Signature"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SecretKey"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Secp256k1Error"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CVec_u8Z"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" if is_ref => Some("crate::chain::transaction::OutPoint"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref && !ptr_for_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Transaction"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CVec_u8Z"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TxOut"),
+                       "bitcoin::OutPoint" => Some("crate::chain::transaction::OutPoint"),
+                       "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some("crate::bitcoin::network::Network"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 80]"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref  => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice"),
+
+                       // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
+
+                       // Override the default since Records contain an fmt with a lifetime:
+                       "util::logger::Record" => Some("*const std::os::raw::c_char"),
+
+                       // List of structs we map that aren't detected:
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => Some("crate::ln::features::InitFeatures"),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref => Some("*const crate::ln::features::InitFeatures"),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" => Some("crate::ln::features::InitFeatures"),
+                       _ => {
+                               eprintln!("    Type {} (ref: {}) unresolvable in C", full_path, is_ref);
+                               None
+                       },
+               }
+       }
+
+       fn from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path<'b>(&self, _full_path: &str, _is_ref: bool) -> Option<(&'b str, &'b str)> {
+               None
+       }
+       fn from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return Some("".to_owned());
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
+                       "Option" if is_ref => Some("&local_"),
+                       "Option" => Some("local_"),
+
+                       "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some("unsafe { &*"),
+                       "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[u8; 10]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+
+                       "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+
+                       "str" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "String" if !is_ref => Some("String::from_utf8("),
+                       // Note that we'll panic for String if is_ref, as we only have non-owned memory, we
+                       // cannot create a &String.
+
+                       "std::time::Duration" => Some("std::time::Duration::from_secs("),
+
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey::from_slice(&unsafe { *"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script::from(Vec::from("),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some("::bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script::from("),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" => Some("::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize(&"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" => Some("&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize(unsafe { &*"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize("),
+
+                       // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::hash_types::Txid::from_slice(&unsafe { &*"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some("::bitcoin::hash_types::Txid::from_slice(&"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" => Some("::bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash::from_slice(&"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash("),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some("&::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash(unsafe { *"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage("),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some("&::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage(unsafe { *"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" => Some("::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret("),
+
+                       // List of structs we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if !is_ref => Some("*unsafe { Box::from_raw("),
+
+                       // List of traits we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "crate::util::logger::Logger" => Some(""),
+
+                       _ => {
+                               eprintln!("    Type {} unconvertable from C", full_path);
+                               None
+                       },
+               }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
+       }
+       fn from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return Some("".to_owned());
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "Option" => Some(""),
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+
+                       "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some("}"),
+                       "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
+                       "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
+                       "[u8; 10]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
+                       "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
+                       "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
+
+                       "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()"),
+                       "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()"),
+
+                       "str" if is_ref => Some(".into()"),
+                       "String" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust()).unwrap()"),
+
+                       "std::time::Duration" => Some(")"),
+
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some(".into_rust()"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(".into_rust()"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust()"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if is_ref => Some("}[..]).unwrap()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()))"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust())"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref => Some(".into_bitcoin()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" => Some(".into_rust()[..]).unwrap()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust()"),
+                       "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some(".into_bitcoin()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" => Some(" }).unwrap()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" => Some(".to_slice()).unwrap()"),
+
+                       // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some(" }[..]).unwrap()"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" => Some(".data[..]).unwrap()"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if !is_ref => Some(".data[..]).unwrap()"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if !is_ref => Some(".data)"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some(" })"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if !is_ref => Some(".data)"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some(" })"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" => Some(".data)"),
+
+                       // List of structs we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref => Some(".inner) }"),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if !is_ref => Some(".take_ptr()) }"),
+
+                       // List of traits we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "crate::util::logger::Logger" => Some(""),
+
+                       _ => {
+                               eprintln!("    Type {} unconvertable from C", full_path);
+                               None
+                       },
+               }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
+       }
+
+       fn to_c_conversion_new_var_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<(&'b str, &'b str)> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return None;
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(", ")")),
+                       "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(("crate::c_types::usizeslice::from_slice(", ")")),
+
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref => Some(("::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(", ")")),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if !is_ref => Some(("::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(&", ")")),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some(("{ let mut s = [0u8; 80]; s[..].copy_from_slice(&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(", ")); s }")),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some(("::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(", ")")),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" => None,
+
+                       // Override the default since Records contain an fmt with a lifetime:
+                       // TODO: We should include the other record fields
+                       "util::logger::Record" => Some(("std::ffi::CString::new(format!(\"{}\", ", ".args)).unwrap()")),
+                       _ => None,
+               }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
+       }
+       fn to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return Some("".to_owned());
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
+                       "Option" => Some("local_"),
+
+                       "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+                       "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SixteenBytes { data: "),
+                       "[u8; 10]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TenBytes { data: "),
+                       "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::FourBytes { data: "),
+                       "[u8; 3]" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+
+                       "[u8]" if is_ref => Some("local_"),
+                       "[usize]" if is_ref => Some("local_"),
+
+                       "str" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "String" => Some(""),
+
+                       "std::time::Duration" => Some(""),
+
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some("crate::c_types::PublicKey::from_rust(&"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some("crate::c_types::Signature::from_rust(&"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if is_ref  => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SecretKey::from_rust("),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Secp256k1Error::from_rust("),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(&"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref && !ptr_for_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Transaction::from_slice(&local_"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" => Some("local_"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TxOut::from_rust("),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some("&local_"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(&local_"),
+
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+
+                       // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some("&"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
+
+                       // Override the default since Records contain an fmt with a lifetime:
+                       "util::logger::Record" => Some("local_"),
+
+                       // List of structs we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => Some("crate::ln::features::InitFeatures { inner: &mut "),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref => Some("Box::into_raw(Box::new(crate::ln::features::InitFeatures { inner: &mut "),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if !is_ref => Some("crate::ln::features::InitFeatures { inner: Box::into_raw(Box::new("),
+
+                       _ => {
+                               eprintln!("    Type {} (is_ref: {}) unconvertable to C", full_path, is_ref);
+                               None
+                       },
+               }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
+       }
+       fn to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
+               if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
+                       return Some("".to_owned());
+               }
+               match full_path {
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => Some(".into()"),
+                       "Option" => Some(""),
+
+                       "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
+                       "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
+                       "[u8; 10]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
+                       "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
+                       "[u8; 3]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+
+                       "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(""),
+
+                       "str" if is_ref => Some(".into()"),
+                       "String" if !is_ref => Some(".into_bytes().into()"),
+                       "String" if is_ref => Some(".as_str().into()"),
+
+                       "std::time::Duration" => Some(".as_secs()"),
+
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if !is_ref => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey" if is_ref => Some(".as_ref()"),
+                       "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error" if !is_ref => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("[..])"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(".into_bytes().into()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" if is_ref && !ptr_for_ref => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction" => Some(".into()"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(")"),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some(""),
+                       "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some(")"),
+
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some(".into_inner() }"),
+
+                       // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some(".as_inner()"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if is_ref => Some(".as_inner()"),
+                       "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" => Some(".into_inner() }"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some(".0"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentHash" => Some(".0 }"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some(".0"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentPreimage" => Some(".0 }"),
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" if !is_ref => Some(".0 }"),
+
+                       // Override the default since Records contain an fmt with a lifetime:
+                       "util::logger::Record" => Some(".as_ptr()"),
+
+                       // List of structs we map (possibly during processing of other files):
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => Some(", is_owned: false }"),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" if is_ref => Some(", is_owned: false }))"),
+                       "ln::features::InitFeatures" => Some(")), is_owned: true }"),
+
+                       _ => {
+                               eprintln!("    Type {} unconvertable to C", full_path);
+                               None
+                       },
+               }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
+       }
+
+       fn empty_val_check_suffix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+               match full_path {
+                       "ln::channelmanager::PaymentSecret" => Some(".data == [0; 32]"),
+                       _ => None
+               }
+       }
+
+       // ****************************
+       // *** Container Processing ***
+       // ****************************
+
+       /// Returns the module path in the generated mapping crate to the containers which we generate
+       /// when writing to CrateTypes::template_file.
+       fn generated_container_path() -> &'static str {
+               "crate::c_types::derived"
+       }
+       /// Returns the module path in the generated mapping crate to the container templates, which
+       /// are then concretized and put in the generated container path/template_file.
+       fn container_templ_path() -> &'static str {
+               "crate::c_types"
+       }
+
+       /// Returns true if this is a "transparent" container, ie an Option or a container which does
+       /// not require a generated continer class.
+       fn is_transparent_container(&self, full_path: &str, _is_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               full_path == "Option"
+       }
+       /// Returns true if this is a known, supported, non-transparent container.
+       fn is_known_container(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               (full_path == "Result" && !is_ref) || (full_path == "Vec" && !is_ref) || full_path.ends_with("Tuple")
+       }
+       fn to_c_conversion_container_new_var<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, single_contained: Option<&syn::Type>, var_name: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str)
+                       // Returns prefix + Vec<(prefix, var-name-to-inline-convert)> + suffix
+                       // expecting one element in the vec per generic type, each of which is inline-converted
+                       -> Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str)> {
+               match full_path {
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => {
+                               Some(("match ",
+                                               vec![(" { Ok(mut o) => crate::c_types::CResultTempl::ok(".to_string(), "o".to_string()),
+                                                       ("), Err(mut e) => crate::c_types::CResultTempl::err(".to_string(), "e".to_string())],
+                                               ") }"))
+                       },
+                       "Vec" if !is_ref => {
+                               Some(("Vec::new(); for item in ", vec![(format!(".drain(..) {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }"))
+                       },
+                       "Slice" => {
+                               Some(("Vec::new(); for item in ", vec![(format!(".iter() {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "**item".to_string())], "); }"))
+                       },
+                       "Option" => {
+                               if let Some(syn::Type::Path(p)) = single_contained {
+                                       if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path)) {
+                                               if is_ref {
+                                                       return Some(("if ", vec![
+                                                               (".is_none() { std::ptr::null() } else { ".to_owned(), format!("({}.as_ref().unwrap())", var_access))
+                                                               ], " }"));
+                                               } else {
+                                                       return Some(("if ", vec![
+                                                               (".is_none() { std::ptr::null_mut() } else { ".to_owned(), format!("({}.unwrap())", var_access))
+                                                               ], " }"));
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if let Some(t) = single_contained {
+                                       let mut v = Vec::new();
+                                       self.write_empty_rust_val(&mut v, t);
+                                       let s = String::from_utf8(v).unwrap();
+                                       return Some(("if ", vec![
+                                               (format!(".is_none() {{ {} }} else {{ ", s), format!("({}.unwrap())", var_access))
+                                               ], " }"));
+                               } else { unreachable!(); }
+                       },
+                       _ => None,
+               }
+       }
+
+       /// only_contained_has_inner implies that there is only one contained element in the container
+       /// and it has an inner field (ie is an "opaque" type we've defined).
+       fn from_c_conversion_container_new_var<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, single_contained: Option<&syn::Type>, var_name: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str)
+                       // Returns prefix + Vec<(prefix, var-name-to-inline-convert)> + suffix
+                       // expecting one element in the vec per generic type, each of which is inline-converted
+                       -> Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str)> {
+               match full_path {
+                       "Result" if !is_ref => {
+                               Some(("match ",
+                                               vec![(".result_ok { true => Ok(".to_string(), format!("(*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw({}.contents.result.take_ptr()) }})", var_name)),
+                                                    ("), false => Err(".to_string(), format!("(*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw({}.contents.err.take_ptr()) }})", var_name))],
+                                               ")}"))
+                       },
+                       "Vec"|"Slice" if !is_ref => {
+                               Some(("Vec::new(); for mut item in ", vec![(format!(".into_rust().drain(..) {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }"))
+                       },
+                       "Slice" if is_ref => {
+                               Some(("Vec::new(); for mut item in ", vec![(format!(".as_slice().iter() {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }"))
+                       },
+                       "Option" => {
+                               if let Some(syn::Type::Path(p)) = single_contained {
+                                       if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path)) {
+                                               if is_ref {
+                                                       return Some(("if ", vec![(".inner.is_null() { None } else { Some((*".to_string(), format!("{}", var_name))], ").clone()) }"))
+                                               } else {
+                                                       return Some(("if ", vec![(".inner.is_null() { None } else { Some(".to_string(), format!("{}", var_name))], ") }"));
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+
+                               if let Some(t) = single_contained {
+                                       let mut v = Vec::new();
+                                       let needs_deref = self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(&mut v, t);
+                                       let s = String::from_utf8(v).unwrap();
+                                       if needs_deref {
+                                               return Some(("if ", vec![
+                                                       (format!("{} {{ None }} else {{ Some(", s), format!("unsafe {{ &mut *{} }}", var_access))
+                                               ], ") }"));
+                                       } else {
+                                               return Some(("if ", vec![
+                                                       (format!("{} {{ None }} else {{ Some(", s), format!("{}", var_access))
+                                               ], ") }"));
+                                       }
+                               } else { unreachable!(); }
+                       },
+                       _ => None,
+               }
+       }
+
+       // *************************************************
+       // *** Type definition during main.rs processing ***
+       // *************************************************
+
+       fn process_use_intern<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W, u: &syn::UseTree, partial_path: &str) {
+               match u {
+                       syn::UseTree::Path(p) => {
+                               let new_path = format!("{}::{}", partial_path, p.ident);
+                               self.process_use_intern(w, &p.tree, &new_path);
+                       },
+                       syn::UseTree::Name(n) => {
+                               let full_path = format!("{}::{}", partial_path, n.ident);
+                               self.imports.insert(n.ident.clone(), full_path);
+                       },
+                       syn::UseTree::Group(g) => {
+                               for i in g.items.iter() {
+                                       self.process_use_intern(w, i, partial_path);
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::UseTree::Rename(r) => {
+                               let full_path = format!("{}::{}", partial_path, r.ident);
+                               self.imports.insert(r.rename.clone(), full_path);
+                       },
+                       syn::UseTree::Glob(_) => {
+                               eprintln!("Ignoring * use for {} - this may result in resolution failures", partial_path);
+                       },
+               }
+       }
+       pub fn process_use<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W, u: &syn::ItemUse) {
+               if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = u.vis {
+                       // We actually only use these for #[cfg(fuzztarget)]
+                       eprintln!("Ignoring pub(use) tree!");
+                       return;
+               }
+               match &u.tree {
+                       syn::UseTree::Path(p) => {
+                               let new_path = format!("{}", p.ident);
+                               self.process_use_intern(w, &p.tree, &new_path);
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+               if u.leading_colon.is_some() { unimplemented!() }
+       }
+
+       pub fn mirrored_enum_declared(&mut self, ident: &syn::Ident) {
+               eprintln!("{} mirrored", ident);
+               self.declared.insert(ident.clone(), DeclType::MirroredEnum);
+       }
+       pub fn enum_ignored(&mut self, ident: &'c syn::Ident) {
+               self.declared.insert(ident.clone(), DeclType::EnumIgnored);
+       }
+       pub fn struct_imported(&mut self, ident: &'c syn::Ident, named: String) {
+               eprintln!("Imported {} as {}", ident, named);
+               self.declared.insert(ident.clone(), DeclType::StructImported);
+       }
+       pub fn struct_ignored(&mut self, ident: &syn::Ident) {
+               eprintln!("Not importing {}", ident);
+               self.declared.insert(ident.clone(), DeclType::StructIgnored);
+       }
+       pub fn trait_declared(&mut self, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &'c syn::ItemTrait) {
+               eprintln!("Trait {} created", ident);
+               self.declared.insert(ident.clone(), DeclType::Trait(t));
+       }
+       pub fn get_declared_type(&'a self, ident: &syn::Ident) -> Option<&'a DeclType<'c>> {
+               self.declared.get(ident)
+       }
+       /// Returns true if the object at the given path is mapped as X { inner: *mut origX, .. }.
+       fn c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool{
+               self.crate_types.opaques.get(full_path).is_some()
+       }
+
+       pub fn maybe_resolve_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
+               if let Some(imp) = self.imports.get(id) {
+                       Some(imp.clone())
+               } else if self.declared.get(id).is_some() {
+                       Some(self.module_path.to_string() + "::" + &format!("{}", id))
+               } else { None }
+       }
+
+       pub fn maybe_resolve_non_ignored_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
+               if let Some(imp) = self.imports.get(id) {
+                       Some(imp.clone())
+               } else if let Some(decl_type) = self.declared.get(id) {
+                       match decl_type {
+                               DeclType::StructIgnored => None,
+                               _ => Some(self.module_path.to_string() + "::" + &format!("{}", id)),
+                       }
+               } else { None }
+       }
+
+       pub fn maybe_resolve_path(&self, p: &syn::Path) -> Option<String> {
+               if p.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                       // At some point we may need this, but for now, its unused, so just fail.
+                       return None;
+               } else if let Some(id) = p.get_ident() {
+                       self.maybe_resolve_ident(id)
+               } else {
+                       if p.segments.len() == 1 {
+                               let seg = p.segments.iter().next().unwrap();
+                               return self.maybe_resolve_ident(&seg.ident);
+                       }
+                       let mut seg_iter = p.segments.iter();
+                       let first_seg = seg_iter.next().unwrap();
+                       let remaining: String = seg_iter.map(|seg| {
+                               if let syn::PathArguments::None = seg.arguments {
+                                       format!("{}", seg.ident)
+                               } else {
+                                       format!("{}", seg.ident)
+                               }
+                       }).collect();
+                       if let Some(imp) = self.imports.get(&first_seg.ident) {
+                               if remaining != "" {
+                                       Some(imp.clone() + "::" + &remaining)
+                               } else {
+                                       Some(imp.clone())
+                               }
+                       } else { None }
+               }
+       }
+       pub fn resolve_path(&self, p: &syn::Path) -> String {
+               self.maybe_resolve_path(p).unwrap()
+       }
+
+       // ***********************************
+       // *** Original Rust Type Printing ***
+       // ***********************************
+
+       fn write_rust_path<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, path: &syn::Path) {
+               if let Some(resolved) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&path) {
+                       if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
+                               write!(w, "{}", path.get_ident().unwrap()).unwrap();
+                       } else {
+                               if resolved.starts_with("ln::") || resolved.starts_with("chain::") || resolved.starts_with("util::") {
+                                       write!(w, "lightning::{}", resolved).unwrap();
+                               } else {
+                                       write!(w, "{}", resolved).unwrap(); // XXX: Probably doens't work, get_ident().unwrap()
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &path.segments.iter().last().unwrap().arguments {
+                               self.write_rust_generic_arg(w, args.args.iter());
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       if path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                               write!(w, "::").unwrap();
+                       }
+                       for (idx, seg) in path.segments.iter().enumerate() {
+                               if idx != 0 { write!(w, "::").unwrap(); }
+                               write!(w, "{}", seg.ident).unwrap();
+                               if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &seg.arguments {
+                                       self.write_rust_generic_arg(w, args.args.iter());
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       pub fn write_rust_generic_param<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics: impl Iterator<Item=&'b syn::GenericParam>) {
+               let mut had_params = false;
+               for (idx, arg) in generics.enumerate() {
+                       if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); } else { write!(w, "<").unwrap(); }
+                       had_params = true;
+                       match arg {
+                               syn::GenericParam::Lifetime(lt) => write!(w, "'{}", lt.lifetime.ident).unwrap(),
+                               syn::GenericParam::Type(t) => {
+                                       write!(w, "{}", t.ident).unwrap();
+                                       if t.colon_token.is_some() { write!(w, ":").unwrap(); }
+                                       for (idx, bound) in t.bounds.iter().enumerate() {
+                                               if idx != 0 { write!(w, " + ").unwrap(); }
+                                               match bound {
+                                                       syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(tb) => {
+                                                               if tb.paren_token.is_some() || tb.lifetimes.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+                                                               self.write_rust_path(w, &tb.path);
+                                                       },
+                                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       if t.eq_token.is_some() || t.default.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+                               },
+                               _ => unimplemented!(),
+                       }
+               }
+               if had_params { write!(w, ">").unwrap(); }
+       }
+
+       pub fn write_rust_generic_arg<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics: impl Iterator<Item=&'b syn::GenericArgument>) {
+               write!(w, "<").unwrap();
+               for (idx, arg) in generics.enumerate() {
+                       if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
+                       match arg {
+                               syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) => self.write_rust_type(w, t),
+                               _ => unimplemented!(),
+                       }
+               }
+               write!(w, ">").unwrap();
+       }
+       pub fn write_rust_type<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type) {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                                       unimplemented!();
+                               }
+                               self.write_rust_path(w, &p.path);
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               write!(w, "&").unwrap();
+                               if let Some(lft) = &r.lifetime {
+                                       write!(w, "'{} ", lft.ident).unwrap();
+                               }
+                               if r.mutability.is_some() {
+                                       write!(w, "mut ").unwrap();
+                               }
+                               self.write_rust_type(w, &*r.elem);
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               write!(w, "[").unwrap();
+                               self.write_rust_type(w, &a.elem);
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               write!(w, "; {}]", i).unwrap();
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       }
+                       syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
+                               write!(w, "[").unwrap();
+                               self.write_rust_type(w, &s.elem);
+                               write!(w, "]").unwrap();
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Tuple(s) => {
+                               write!(w, "(").unwrap();
+                               for (idx, t) in s.elems.iter().enumerate() {
+                                       if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
+                                       self.write_rust_type(w, &t);
+                               }
+                               write!(w, ")").unwrap();
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       /// Prints a constructor for something which is "uninitialized" (but obviously not actually
+       /// unint'd memory).
+       pub fn write_empty_rust_val<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type) {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                               if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() {
+                                       write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: std::ptr::null_mut(), is_owned: true }}", resolved).unwrap();
+                               } else {
+                                       // Assume its a manually-mapped C type, where we can just define an null() fn
+                                       write!(w, "{}::null()", self.c_type_from_path(&resolved, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               if i.base10_digits().parse::<usize>().unwrap() < 32 {
+                                                       // Blindly assume that if we're trying to create an empty value for an
+                                                       // array < 32 entries that all-0s may be a valid state.
+                                                       unimplemented!();
+                                               }
+                                               let arrty = format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits());
+                                               write!(w, "{}", self.to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(&arrty, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                               write!(w, "[0; {}]", i.base10_digits()).unwrap();
+                                               write!(w, "{}", self.to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(&arrty, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       }
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       /// Prints a suffix to determine if a variable is empty (ie was set by write_empty_rust_val),
+       /// returning whether we need to dereference the inner value before using it (ie it is a
+       /// pointer).
+       pub fn write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type) -> bool {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                               if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() {
+                                       write!(w, ".inner.is_null()").unwrap();
+                                       false
+                               } else {
+                                       if let Some(suffix) = self.empty_val_check_suffix_from_path(&resolved) {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", suffix).unwrap();
+                                               false // We may eventually need to allow empty_val_check_suffix_from_path to specify if we need a deref or not
+                                       } else {
+                                               write!(w, ".is_null()").unwrap();
+                                               false
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               write!(w, " == [0; {}]", i.base10_digits()).unwrap();
+                                               false
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Slice(_) => {
+                               // Option<[]> always implies that we want to treat len() == 0 differently from
+                               // None, so we always map an Option<[]> into a pointer.
+                               write!(w, ".is_null()").unwrap();
+                               true
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       /// Prints a suffix to determine if a variable is empty (ie was set by write_empty_rust_val).
+       pub fn write_empty_rust_val_check<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, var_access: &str) {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(_) => {
+                               write!(w, "{}", var_access).unwrap();
+                               self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(w, t);
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               let arrty = format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits());
+                                               // We don't (yet) support a new-var conversion here.
+                                               assert!(self.from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(&arrty, false).is_none());
+                                               write!(w, "{}{}{}",
+                                                       self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(&arrty, false).unwrap(),
+                                                       var_access,
+                                                       self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(&arrty, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                               self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(w, t);
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       }
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       // ********************************
+       // *** Type conversion printing ***
+       // ********************************
+
+       /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
+       pub fn skip_arg(&self, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+                               if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
+                                       if let Some(resolved) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                               return self.skip_path(resolved.0);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                       self.skip_path(&full_path)
+                               } else { false }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               self.skip_arg(&*r.elem, generics)
+                       },
+                       _ => false,
+               }
+       }
+       pub fn no_arg_to_rust<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
+                               if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
+                                       if let Some(resolved) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", self.no_arg_path_to_rust(resolved.0)).unwrap();
+                                               return;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                       write!(w, "{}", self.no_arg_path_to_rust(&full_path)).unwrap();
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               self.no_arg_to_rust(w, &*r.elem, generics);
+                       },
+                       _ => {},
+               }
+       }
+
+       fn write_conversion_inline_intern<W: std::io::Write,
+                       LP: Fn(&str, bool, bool) -> Option<String>, DL: Fn(&mut W, &DeclType, &str, bool, bool), SC: Fn(bool) -> &'static str>
+                       (&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool,
+                        tupleconv: &str, prefix: bool, sliceconv: SC, path_lookup: LP, decl_lookup: DL) {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, &*r.elem, generics, true, r.mutability.is_some(),
+                                       ptr_for_ref, tupleconv, prefix, sliceconv, path_lookup, decl_lookup);
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                                       unimplemented!();
+                               }
+
+                               if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
+                                       if let Some((_, synpath)) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                               let genpath = self.resolve_path(&synpath);
+                                               assert!(!self.is_known_container(&genpath, is_ref) && !self.is_transparent_container(&genpath, is_ref));
+                                               if let Some(c_type) = path_lookup(&genpath, is_ref, ptr_for_ref) {
+                                                       write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
+                                                       return;
+                                               } else {
+                                                       let synident = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(synpath).unwrap();
+                                                       if let Some(t) = self.crate_types.traits.get(&genpath) {
+                                                               decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::Trait(t), &genpath, is_ref, is_mut);
+                                                               return;
+                                                       } else if let Some(_) = self.imports.get(synident) {
+                                                               // crate_types lookup has to have succeeded:
+                                                               panic!("Failed to print inline conversion for {}", synident);
+                                                       } else if let Some(decl_type) = self.declared.get(synident) {
+                                                               decl_lookup(w, decl_type, &self.maybe_resolve_path(synpath).unwrap(), is_ref, is_mut);
+                                                               return;
+                                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+
+                               let resolved_path = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                               if let Some(c_type) = path_lookup(&resolved_path, is_ref, ptr_for_ref) {
+                                       write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
+                               } else if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved_path).is_some() {
+                                       decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::StructImported, &resolved_path, is_ref, is_mut);
+                               } else if self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&resolved_path).is_some() {
+                                       decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::MirroredEnum, &resolved_path, is_ref, is_mut);
+                               } else if let Some(ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p.path) {
+                                       if let Some(_) = self.imports.get(ident) {
+                                               // crate_types lookup has to have succeeded:
+                                               panic!("Failed to print inline conversion for {}", ident);
+                                       } else if let Some(decl_type) = self.declared.get(ident) {
+                                               decl_lookup(w, decl_type, &self.maybe_resolve_ident(ident).unwrap(), is_ref, is_mut);
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               // We assume all arrays contain only [int_literal; X]s.
+                               // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", path_lookup(&format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits()), is_ref, ptr_for_ref).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
+                               // We assume all slices contain only literals or references.
+                               // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                                       assert!(self.is_primitive(&resolved));
+                                       write!(w, "{}", path_lookup("[u8]", is_ref, ptr_for_ref).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                               } else if let syn::Type::Reference(r) = &*s.elem {
+                                       if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r.elem {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path)))).unwrap();
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
+                               if t.elems.is_empty() {
+                                       // cbindgen has poor support for (), see, eg https://github.com/eqrion/cbindgen/issues/527
+                                       // so work around it by just pretending its a 0u8
+                                       write!(w, "{}", tupleconv).unwrap();
+                               } else {
+                                       if prefix { write!(w, "local_").unwrap(); }
+                               }
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, from_ptr: bool) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, ptr_for_ref, "0u8 /*", true, |_| "local_",
+                               |a, b, c| self.to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(a, b, c),
+                               |w, decl_type, decl_path, is_ref, _is_mut| {
+                                       match decl_type {
+                                               DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => write!(w, "crate::{}::from_native(&", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, "&crate::{}::from_native(&", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, "crate::{}::native_into(", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref && from_ptr =>
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: unsafe {{ (", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref =>
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: unsafe {{ ( (&(", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref =>
+                                                       write!(w, "&crate::{} {{ inner: unsafe {{ (", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref && from_ptr =>
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: ", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref =>
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: Box::into_raw(Box::new(", decl_path).unwrap(),
+                                               DeclType::Trait(_) if is_ref => write!(w, "&").unwrap(),
+                                               _ => panic!("{:?}", decl_path),
+                                       }
+                               });
+       }
+       pub fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
+               self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner(w, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, false);
+       }
+       fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, from_ptr: bool) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, ptr_for_ref, "*/", false, |_| ".into()",
+                               |a, b, c| self.to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(a, b, c),
+                               |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
+                                       DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, ")").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref && from_ptr =>
+                                               write!(w, " as *const _) as *mut _ }}, is_owned: false }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref =>
+                                               write!(w, ") as *const _) as *mut _) }}, is_owned: false }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if is_ref =>
+                                               write!(w, " as *const _) as *mut _ }}, is_owned: false }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref && from_ptr =>
+                                               write!(w, ", is_owned: true }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::EnumIgnored|DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref => write!(w, ")), is_owned: true }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::Trait(_) if is_ref => {},
+                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                               });
+       }
+       pub fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
+               self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner(w, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, false);
+       }
+
+       fn write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, false, "() /*", true, |_| "&local_",
+                               |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(a, b),
+                               |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, is_mut| match decl_type {
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => write!(w, "unsafe {{ &*(*").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if is_mut && is_ref => write!(w, "unsafe {{ &mut *").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if is_ref => write!(w, "unsafe {{ &*").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref => write!(w, "*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw(").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, "&").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::MirroredEnum => {},
+                                       DeclType::Trait(_) => {},
+                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                               });
+       }
+       pub fn write_from_c_conversion_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
+               self.write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner(w, t, generics, false, false);
+       }
+       fn write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, false, "*/", false,
+                               |has_inner| match has_inner {
+                                       false => ".iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]",
+                                       true => "[..]",
+                               },
+                               |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(a, b),
+                               |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => write!(w, ").inner }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if is_ref => write!(w, ".inner }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref => write!(w, ".take_ptr()) }}").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, ".to_native()").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, ".into_native()").unwrap(),
+                                       DeclType::Trait(_) => {},
+                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                               });
+       }
+       pub fn write_from_c_conversion_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
+               self.write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner(w, t, generics, false, false);
+       }
+       // Note that compared to the above conversion functions, the following two are generally
+       // significantly undertested:
+       pub fn write_from_c_conversion_to_ref_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, "() /*", true, |_| "&local_",
+                               |a, b, _c| {
+                                       if let Some(conv) = self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(a, b) {
+                                               Some(format!("&{}", conv))
+                                       } else { None }
+                               },
+                               |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref => write!(w, "unsafe {{ &*").unwrap(),
+                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                               });
+       }
+       pub fn write_from_c_conversion_to_ref_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
+               self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, "*/", false,
+                               |has_inner| match has_inner {
+                                       false => ".iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]",
+                                       true => "[..]",
+                               },
+                               |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(a, b),
+                               |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
+                                       DeclType::StructImported if !is_ref => write!(w, ".inner }}").unwrap(),
+                                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+                               });
+       }
+
+       fn write_conversion_new_var_intern<'b, W: std::io::Write,
+               LP: Fn(&str, bool) -> Option<(&str, &str)>,
+               LC: Fn(&str, bool, Option<&syn::Type>, &syn::Ident, &str) ->  Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str)>,
+               VP: Fn(&mut W, &syn::Type, Option<&GenericTypes>, bool, bool, bool),
+               VS: Fn(&mut W, &syn::Type, Option<&GenericTypes>, bool, bool, bool)>
+                       (&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, var: &str, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>,
+                        mut is_ref: bool, mut ptr_for_ref: bool, to_c: bool,
+                        path_lookup: &LP, container_lookup: &LC, var_prefix: &VP, var_suffix: &VS) -> bool {
+
+               macro_rules! convert_container {
+                       ($container_type: expr, $args_len: expr, $args_iter: expr) => { {
+                               // For slices (and Options), we refuse to directly map them as is_ref when they
+                               // aren't opaque types containing an inner pointer. This is due to the fact that,
+                               // in both cases, the actual higher-level type is non-is_ref.
+                               let ty_has_inner = if self.is_transparent_container(&$container_type, is_ref) || $container_type == "Slice" {
+                                       let ty = $args_iter().next().unwrap();
+                                       if $container_type == "Slice" && to_c {
+                                               // "To C ptr_for_ref" means "return the regular object with is_owned
+                                               // set to false", which is totally what we want in a slice if we're about to
+                                               // set ty_has_inner.
+                                               ptr_for_ref = true;
+                                       }
+                                       if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = ty {
+                                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*t.elem {
+                                                       self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path))
+                                               } else { false }
+                                       } else if let syn::Type::Path(p) = ty {
+                                               self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path))
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else { true };
+
+                               // Options get a bunch of special handling, since in general we map Option<>al
+                               // types into the same C type as non-Option-wrapped types. This ends up being
+                               // pretty manual here and most of the below special-cases are for Options.
+                               let mut needs_ref_map = false;
+                               let mut only_contained_type = None;
+                               let mut only_contained_has_inner = false;
+                               let mut contains_slice = false;
+                               if $args_len == 1 && self.is_transparent_container(&$container_type, is_ref) {
+                                       only_contained_has_inner = ty_has_inner;
+                                       let arg = $args_iter().next().unwrap();
+                                       if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = arg {
+                                               only_contained_type = Some(&*t.elem);
+                                               if let syn::Type::Path(_) = &*t.elem {
+                                                       is_ref = true;
+                                               } else if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*t.elem {
+                                                       contains_slice = true;
+                                               } else { return false; }
+                                               needs_ref_map = true;
+                                       } else if let syn::Type::Path(_) = arg {
+                                               only_contained_type = Some(&arg);
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               }
+
+                               if let Some((prefix, conversions, suffix)) = container_lookup(&$container_type, is_ref && ty_has_inner, only_contained_type, ident, var) {
+                                       assert_eq!(conversions.len(), $args_len);
+                                       write!(w, "let mut local_{}{} = ", ident, if !to_c && needs_ref_map {"_base"} else { "" }).unwrap();
+                                       if only_contained_has_inner && to_c {
+                                               var_prefix(w, $args_iter().next().unwrap(), generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, true);
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, "{}{}", prefix, var).unwrap();
+
+                                       for ((pfx, var_name), (idx, ty)) in conversions.iter().zip($args_iter().enumerate()) {
+                                               let mut var = std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+                                               write!(&mut var, "{}", var_name).unwrap();
+                                               let var_access = String::from_utf8(var.into_inner()).unwrap();
+
+                                               let conv_ty = if needs_ref_map { only_contained_type.as_ref().unwrap() } else { ty };
+
+                                               write!(w, "{} {{ ", pfx).unwrap();
+                                               let new_var_name = format!("{}_{}", ident, idx);
+                                               let new_var = self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, &syn::Ident::new(&new_var_name, Span::call_site()),
+                                                               &var_access, conv_ty, generics, contains_slice || (is_ref && ty_has_inner), ptr_for_ref, to_c, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix);
+                                               if new_var { write!(w, " ").unwrap(); }
+                                               if (!only_contained_has_inner || !to_c) && !contains_slice {
+                                                       var_prefix(w, conv_ty, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
+                                               }
+
+                                               if !is_ref && !needs_ref_map && to_c && only_contained_has_inner {
+                                                       write!(w, "Box::into_raw(Box::new(").unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                               write!(w, "{}{}", if contains_slice { "local_" } else { "" }, if new_var { new_var_name } else { var_access }).unwrap();
+                                               if (!only_contained_has_inner || !to_c) && !contains_slice {
+                                                       var_suffix(w, conv_ty, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
+                                               }
+                                               if !is_ref && !needs_ref_map && to_c && only_contained_has_inner {
+                                                       write!(w, "))").unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                               write!(w, " }}").unwrap();
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, "{}", suffix).unwrap();
+                                       if only_contained_has_inner && to_c {
+                                               var_suffix(w, $args_iter().next().unwrap(), generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, true);
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, ";").unwrap();
+                                       if !to_c && needs_ref_map {
+                                               write!(w, " let mut local_{} = local_{}_base.as_ref()", ident, ident).unwrap();
+                                               if contains_slice {
+                                                       write!(w, ".map(|a| &a[..])").unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                               write!(w, ";").unwrap();
+                                       }
+                                       return true;
+                               }
+                       } }
+               }
+
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*r.elem {
+                                       self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var, &*r.elem, generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, to_c, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix)
+                               } else {
+                                       self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var, &*r.elem, generics, true, ptr_for_ref, to_c, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix)
+                               }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                                       unimplemented!();
+                               }
+                               if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
+                                       if let Some(resolved) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                               assert!(!self.is_known_container(&resolved.0, is_ref) && !self.is_transparent_container(&resolved.0, is_ref));
+                                               if let Some((prefix, suffix)) = path_lookup(&resolved.0, is_ref) {
+                                                       write!(w, "let mut local_{} = {}{}{};", ident, prefix, var, suffix).unwrap();
+                                                       return true;
+                                               } else { return false; }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               let resolved_path = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                               if self.is_known_container(&resolved_path, is_ref) || self.is_transparent_container(&resolved_path, is_ref) {
+                                       if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &p.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
+                                               convert_container!(resolved_path, args.args.len(), || args.args.iter().map(|arg| {
+                                                       if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ty) = arg {
+                                                               ty
+                                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                               }));
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               }
+                               if self.is_primitive(&resolved_path) {
+                                       false
+                               } else if let Some(ty_ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p.path) {
+                                       if let Some((prefix, suffix)) = path_lookup(&resolved_path, is_ref) {
+                                               write!(w, "let mut local_{} = {}{}{};", ident, prefix, var, suffix).unwrap();
+                                               true
+                                       } else if self.declared.get(ty_ident).is_some() {
+                                               false
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else { false }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(_) => {
+                               // We assume all arrays contain only primitive types.
+                               // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
+                               false
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                                       assert!(self.is_primitive(&resolved));
+                                       let slice_path = format!("[{}]", resolved);
+                                       if let Some((prefix, suffix)) = path_lookup(&slice_path, true) {
+                                               write!(w, "let mut local_{} = {}{}{};", ident, prefix, var, suffix).unwrap();
+                                               true
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else if let syn::Type::Reference(ty) = &*s.elem {
+                                       let tyref = [&*ty.elem];
+                                       is_ref = true;
+                                       convert_container!("Slice", 1, || tyref.iter());
+                                       unimplemented!("convert_container should return true as container_lookup should succeed for slices");
+                               } else { unimplemented!() }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
+                               if !t.elems.is_empty() {
+                                       // We don't (yet) support tuple elements which cannot be converted inline
+                                       write!(w, "let (").unwrap();
+                                       for idx in 0..t.elems.len() {
+                                               if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
+                                               write!(w, "{} orig_{}_{}", if is_ref { "ref" } else { "mut" }, ident, idx).unwrap();
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, ") = {}{}; ", var, if !to_c { ".to_rust()" } else { "" }).unwrap();
+                                       // Like other template types, tuples are always mapped as their non-ref
+                                       // versions for types which have different ref mappings. Thus, we convert to
+                                       // non-ref versions and handle opaque types with inner pointers manually.
+                                       for (idx, elem) in t.elems.iter().enumerate() {
+                                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
+                                                       let v_name = format!("orig_{}_{}", ident, idx);
+                                                       let tuple_elem_ident = syn::Ident::new(&v_name, Span::call_site());
+                                                       if self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, &tuple_elem_ident, &v_name, elem, generics,
+                                                                       false, ptr_for_ref, to_c,
+                                                                       path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix) {
+                                                               write!(w, " ").unwrap();
+                                                               // Opaque types with inner pointers shouldn't ever create new stack
+                                                               // variables, so we don't handle it and just assert that it doesn't
+                                                               // here.
+                                                               assert!(!self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path)));
+                                                       }
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, "let mut local_{} = (", ident).unwrap();
+                                       for (idx, elem) in t.elems.iter().enumerate() {
+                                               let ty_has_inner = {
+                                                               if to_c {
+                                                                       // "To C ptr_for_ref" means "return the regular object with
+                                                                       // is_owned set to false", which is totally what we want
+                                                                       // if we're about to set ty_has_inner.
+                                                                       ptr_for_ref = true;
+                                                               }
+                                                               if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = elem {
+                                                                       if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*t.elem {
+                                                                               self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path))
+                                                                       } else { false }
+                                                               } else if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
+                                                                       self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path))
+                                                               } else { false }
+                                                       };
+                                               if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
+                                               var_prefix(w, elem, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
+                                               if is_ref && ty_has_inner {
+                                                       // For ty_has_inner, the regular var_prefix mapping will take a
+                                                       // reference, so deref once here to make sure we keep the original ref.
+                                                       write!(w, "*").unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                               write!(w, "orig_{}_{}", ident, idx).unwrap();
+                                               if is_ref && !ty_has_inner {
+                                                       // If we don't have an inner variable's reference to maintain, just
+                                                       // hope the type is Clonable and use that.
+                                                       write!(w, ".clone()").unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                               var_suffix(w, elem, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, "){};", if to_c { ".into()" } else { "" }).unwrap();
+                                       true
+                               } else { false }
+                       },
+                       _ => unimplemented!(),
+               }
+       }
+
+       pub fn write_to_c_conversion_new_var_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var_access, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, true,
+                       &|a, b| self.to_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(a, b),
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e| self.to_c_conversion_container_new_var(a, b, c, d, e),
+                       // We force ptr_for_ref here since we can't generate a ref on one line and use it later
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e, f| self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner(a, b, c, d, e, f),
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e, f| self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner(a, b, c, d, e, f))
+       }
+       pub fn write_to_c_conversion_new_var<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               self.write_to_c_conversion_new_var_inner(w, ident, &format!("{}", ident), t, generics, ptr_for_ref)
+       }
+       pub fn write_from_c_conversion_new_var<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
+               self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, &format!("{}", ident), t, generics, false, false, false,
+                       &|a, b| self.from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(a, b),
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e| self.from_c_conversion_container_new_var(a, b, c, d, e),
+                       // We force ptr_for_ref here since we can't generate a ref on one line and use it later
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e, _f| self.write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner(a, b, c, d, e),
+                       &|a, b, c, d, e, _f| self.write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner(a, b, c, d, e))
+       }
+
+       // ******************************************************
+       // *** C Container Type Equivalent and alias Printing ***
+       // ******************************************************
+
+       fn write_template_constructor<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W, container_type: &str, mangled_container: &str, args: &Vec<&syn::Type>, is_ref: bool) {
+               if container_type == "Result" {
+                       assert_eq!(args.len(), 2);
+                       macro_rules! write_fn {
+                               ($call: expr) => { {
+                                       writeln!(w, "#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn {}_{}() -> {} {{", mangled_container, $call, mangled_container).unwrap();
+                                       writeln!(w, "\t{}::CResultTempl::{}(0)\n}}\n", Self::container_templ_path(), $call).unwrap();
+                               } }
+                       }
+                       macro_rules! write_alias {
+                               ($call: expr, $item: expr) => { {
+                                       write!(w, "#[no_mangle]\npub static {}_{}: extern \"C\" fn (", mangled_container, $call).unwrap();
+                                       if let syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath { path, .. }) = $item {
+                                               let resolved = self.resolve_path(path);
+                                               if self.is_known_container(&resolved, is_ref) || self.is_transparent_container(&resolved, is_ref) {
+                                                       self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, Self::path_to_generic_args(path),
+                                                               &format!("{}", single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(path).unwrap()), is_ref, false, false, false);
+                                               } else {
+                                                       self.write_template_generics(w, &mut [$item].iter().map(|t| *t), is_ref, true);
+                                               }
+                                       } else if let syn::Type::Tuple(syn::TypeTuple { elems, .. }) = $item {
+                                               self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, elems.iter().collect(),
+                                                       &format!("{}Tuple", elems.len()), is_ref, false, false, false);
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                       write!(w, ") -> {} =\n\t{}::CResultTempl::<", mangled_container, Self::container_templ_path()).unwrap();
+                                       self.write_template_generics(w, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t), is_ref, true);
+                                       writeln!(w, ">::{};\n", $call).unwrap();
+                               } }
+                       }
+                       match args[0] {
+                               syn::Type::Tuple(t) if t.elems.is_empty() => write_fn!("ok"),
+                               _ => write_alias!("ok", args[0]),
+                       }
+                       match args[1] {
+                               syn::Type::Tuple(t) if t.elems.is_empty() => write_fn!("err"),
+                               _ => write_alias!("err", args[1]),
+                       }
+               } else if container_type.ends_with("Tuple") {
+                       write!(w, "#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn {}_new(", mangled_container).unwrap();
+                       for (idx, gen) in args.iter().enumerate() {
+                               write!(w, "{}{}: ", if idx != 0 { ", " } else { "" }, ('a' as u8 + idx as u8) as char).unwrap();
+                               self.write_c_type_intern(None, w, gen, false, false, false);
+                       }
+                       writeln!(w, ") -> {} {{", mangled_container).unwrap();
+                       writeln!(w, "\t{} {{", mangled_container).unwrap();
+                       for idx in 0..args.len() {
+                               writeln!(w, "\t\t{}: Box::into_raw(Box::new({})),", ('a' as u8 + idx as u8) as char, ('a' as u8 + idx as u8) as char).unwrap();
+                       }
+                       writeln!(w, "\t}}\n}}\n").unwrap();
+               } else {
+                       writeln!(w, "").unwrap();
+               }
+       }
+
+       fn write_template_generics<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, args: &mut dyn Iterator<Item=&'b syn::Type>, is_ref: bool, in_crate: bool) {
+               for (idx, t) in args.enumerate() {
+                       if idx != 0 {
+                               write!(w, ", ").unwrap();
+                       }
+                       if let syn::Type::Tuple(tup) = t {
+                               if tup.elems.is_empty() {
+                                       write!(w, "u8").unwrap();
+                               } else {
+                                       write!(w, "{}::C{}TupleTempl<", Self::container_templ_path(), tup.elems.len()).unwrap();
+                                       self.write_template_generics(w, &mut tup.elems.iter(), is_ref, in_crate);
+                                       write!(w, ">").unwrap();
+                               }
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = t {
+                               let resolved_generic = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path);
+                               if self.is_primitive(&resolved_generic) {
+                                       write!(w, "{}", resolved_generic).unwrap();
+                               } else if let Some(c_type) = self.c_type_from_path(&resolved_generic, is_ref, false) {
+                                       if self.is_known_container(&resolved_generic, is_ref) {
+                                                       write!(w, "{}::C{}Templ<", Self::container_templ_path(), single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p_arg.path).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                               assert_eq!(p_arg.path.segments.len(), 1);
+                                               if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &p_arg.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
+                                                       self.write_template_generics(w, &mut args.args.iter().map(|gen|
+                                                               if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) = gen { t } else { unimplemented!() }),
+                                                               is_ref, in_crate);
+                                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                               write!(w, ">").unwrap();
+                                       } else if resolved_generic == "Option" {
+                                               if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &p_arg.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
+                                                       self.write_template_generics(w, &mut args.args.iter().map(|gen|
+                                                               if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) = gen { t } else { unimplemented!() }),
+                                                               is_ref, in_crate);
+                                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                       } else if in_crate {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
+                                       } else {
+                                               self.write_rust_type(w, &t);
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       // If we just write out resolved_generic, it may mostly work, however for
+                                       // original types which are generic, we need the template args. We could
+                                       // figure them out and write them out, too, but its much easier to just
+                                       // reference the native{} type alias which exists at least for opaque types.
+                                       if in_crate {
+                                               write!(w, "crate::{}", resolved_generic).unwrap();
+                                       } else {
+                                               let path_name: Vec<&str> = resolved_generic.rsplitn(2, "::").collect();
+                                               if path_name.len() > 1 {
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{}::native{}", path_name[1], path_name[0]).unwrap();
+                                               } else {
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::native{}", path_name[0]).unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Reference(r_arg) = t {
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*r_arg.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path);
+                                       if single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p_arg.path).is_some() {
+                                               if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() {
+                                                       write!(w, "crate::{}", resolved).unwrap();
+                                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                                       } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Array(a_arg) = t {
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*a_arg.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path);
+                                       assert!(self.is_primitive(&resolved));
+                                       if let syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit { lit: syn::Lit::Int(len), .. }) = &a_arg.len {
+                                               write!(w, "{}",
+                                                       self.c_type_from_path(&format!("[{}; {}]", resolved, len.base10_digits()), is_ref, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       fn check_create_container(&mut self, mangled_container: String, container_type: &str, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, is_ref: bool) {
+               if !self.crate_types.templates_defined.get(&mangled_container).is_some() {
+                       self.crate_types.templates_defined.insert(mangled_container.clone(), true);
+                       let mut created_container: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+
+                       write!(&mut created_container, "#[no_mangle]\npub type {} = ", mangled_container).unwrap();
+                       write!(&mut created_container, "{}::C{}Templ<", Self::container_templ_path(), container_type).unwrap();
+                       self.write_template_generics(&mut created_container, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t), is_ref, true);
+                       writeln!(&mut created_container, ">;").unwrap();
+
+                       write!(&mut created_container, "#[no_mangle]\npub static {}_free: extern \"C\" fn({}) = ", mangled_container, mangled_container).unwrap();
+                       write!(&mut created_container, "{}::C{}Templ_free::<", Self::container_templ_path(), container_type).unwrap();
+                       self.write_template_generics(&mut created_container, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t), is_ref, true);
+                       writeln!(&mut created_container, ">;").unwrap();
+
+                       self.write_template_constructor(&mut created_container, container_type, &mangled_container, &args, is_ref);
+
+                       self.crate_types.template_file.write(&created_container).unwrap();
+               }
+       }
+       fn path_to_generic_args(path: &syn::Path) -> Vec<&syn::Type> {
+               if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
+                       args.args.iter().map(|gen| if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) = gen { t } else { unimplemented!() }).collect()
+               } else { unimplemented!(); }
+       }
+       fn write_c_mangled_container_path_intern<W: std::io::Write>
+                       (&mut self, w: &mut W, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, ident: &str, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, in_type: bool) -> bool {
+               let mut mangled_type: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+               if !self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref) {
+                       write!(w, "C{}_", ident).unwrap();
+                       write!(mangled_type, "C{}_", ident).unwrap();
+               } else { assert_eq!(args.len(), 1); }
+               for arg in args.iter() {
+                       macro_rules! write_path {
+                               ($p_arg: expr, $extra_write: expr) => {
+                                       let subtype = self.resolve_path(&$p_arg.path);
+                                       if self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref) {
+                                               // We dont (yet) support primitives or containers inside transparent
+                                               // containers, so check for that first:
+                                               if self.is_primitive(&subtype) { return false; }
+                                               if self.is_known_container(&subtype, is_ref) { return false; }
+                                               if !in_type {
+                                                       if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&subtype) {
+                                                               if !self.write_c_path_intern(w, &$p_arg.path, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref) { return false; }
+                                                       } else {
+                                                               if !self.write_c_path_intern(w, &$p_arg.path, true, is_mut, true) { return false; }
+                                                       }
+                                               } else {
+                                                       if $p_arg.path.segments.len() == 1 {
+                                                               write!(w, "{}", $p_arg.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().ident).unwrap();
+                                                       } else {
+                                                               return false;
+                                                       }
+                                               }
+                                       } else if self.is_known_container(&subtype, is_ref) || self.is_transparent_container(&subtype, is_ref) {
+                                               if !self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path),
+                                                               &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true) {
+                                                       return false;
+                                               }
+                                               self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(&mut mangled_type, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path),
+                                                       &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true);
+                                               if let Some(w2) = $extra_write as Option<&mut Vec<u8>> {
+                                                       self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w2, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path),
+                                                               &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true);
+                                               }
+                                       } else if let Some(id) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&$p_arg.path) {
+                                               write!(w, "{}", id).unwrap();
+                                               write!(mangled_type, "{}", id).unwrap();
+                                               if let Some(w2) = $extra_write as Option<&mut Vec<u8>> {
+                                                       write!(w2, "{}", id).unwrap();
+                                               }
+                                       } else { return false; }
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if let syn::Type::Tuple(tuple) = arg {
+                               if tuple.elems.len() == 0 {
+                                       write!(w, "None").unwrap();
+                                       write!(mangled_type, "None").unwrap();
+                               } else {
+                                       let mut mangled_tuple_type: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+
+                                       // Figure out what the mangled type should look like. To disambiguate
+                                       // ((A, B), C) and (A, B, C) we prefix the generic args with a _ and suffix
+                                       // them with a Z. Ideally we wouldn't use Z, but not many special chars are
+                                       // available for use in type names.
+                                       write!(w, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
+                                       write!(mangled_type, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
+                                       write!(mangled_tuple_type, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
+                                       for elem in tuple.elems.iter() {
+                                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
+                                                       write_path!(p, Some(&mut mangled_tuple_type));
+                                               } else { return false; }
+                                       }
+                                       write!(w, "Z").unwrap();
+                                       write!(mangled_type, "Z").unwrap();
+                                       write!(mangled_tuple_type, "Z").unwrap();
+                                       self.check_create_container(String::from_utf8(mangled_tuple_type).unwrap(),
+                                               &format!("{}Tuple", tuple.elems.len()), tuple.elems.iter().collect(), is_ref);
+                               }
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = arg {
+                               write_path!(p_arg, None);
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Reference(refty) = arg {
+                               if args.len() != 1 { return false; }
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*refty.elem {
+                                       write_path!(p_arg, None);
+                               } else if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*refty.elem {
+                                       // write_c_type will actually do exactly what we want here, we just need to
+                                       // make it a pointer so that its an option. Note that we cannot always convert
+                                       // the Vec-as-slice (ie non-ref types) containers, so sometimes need to be able
+                                       // to edit it, hence we use *mut here instead of *const.
+                                       write!(w, "*mut ").unwrap();
+                                       self.write_c_type(w, arg, None, true);
+                               } else { return false; }
+                       } else if let syn::Type::Array(a) = arg {
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*a.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path);
+                                       if !self.is_primitive(&resolved) { return false; }
+                                       if let syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit { lit: syn::Lit::Int(len), .. }) = &a.len {
+                                               if self.c_type_from_path(&format!("[{}; {}]", resolved, len.base10_digits()), is_ref, ptr_for_ref).is_none() { return false; }
+                                               write!(w, "_{}{}", resolved, len.base10_digits()).unwrap();
+                                               write!(mangled_type, "_{}{}", resolved, len.base10_digits()).unwrap();
+                                       } else { return false; }
+                               } else { return false; }
+                       } else { return false; }
+               }
+               if self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref) { return true; }
+               // Push the "end of type" Z
+               write!(w, "Z").unwrap();
+               write!(mangled_type, "Z").unwrap();
+
+               // Make sure the type is actually defined:
+               self.check_create_container(String::from_utf8(mangled_type).unwrap(), ident, args, is_ref);
+               true
+       }
+       fn write_c_mangled_container_path<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, ident: &str, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               if !self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref) {
+                       write!(w, "{}::", Self::generated_container_path()).unwrap();
+               }
+               self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, args, ident, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, false)
+       }
+
+       // **********************************
+       // *** C Type Equivalent Printing ***
+       // **********************************
+
+       fn write_c_path_intern<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, path: &syn::Path, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
+//eprintln!("pcpi ({} {} {}): {:?}", is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, path);
+               let full_path = match self.maybe_resolve_path(&path) {
+                       Some(path) => path, None => return false };
+               if let Some(c_type) = self.c_type_from_path(&full_path, is_ref, ptr_for_ref) {
+                       write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
+                       true
+               } else if self.crate_types.traits.get(&full_path).is_some() {
+                       if is_ref && ptr_for_ref {
+                               write!(w, "*{} crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut" } else { "const" }, full_path).unwrap();
+                       } else if is_ref {
+                               write!(w, "&{}crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut " } else { "" }, full_path).unwrap();
+                       } else {
+                               write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
+                       }
+                       true
+               } else if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&full_path).is_some() || self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&full_path).is_some() {
+                       if is_ref && ptr_for_ref {
+                               // ptr_for_ref implies we're returning the object, which we can't really do for
+                               // opaque or mirrored types without box'ing them, which is quite a waste, so return
+                               // the actual object itself (for opaque types we'll set the pointer to the actual
+                               // type and note that its a reference).
+                               write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
+                       } else if is_ref {
+                               write!(w, "&{}crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut " } else { "" }, full_path).unwrap();
+                       } else {
+                               write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
+                       }
+                       true
+               } else {
+                       false
+               }
+       }
+       fn write_c_type_intern<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
+               match t {
+                       syn::Type::Path(p) => {
+                               if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
+                                       return false;
+                               }
+                               if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
+                                       if let Some(resolved) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                               if self.is_known_container(&resolved.0, is_ref) { return false; }
+                                               if self.is_transparent_container(&resolved.0, is_ref) { return false; }
+                                               return self.write_c_path_intern(w, &resolved.1, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path) {
+                                       if self.is_known_container(&full_path, is_ref) || self.is_transparent_container(&full_path, is_ref) {
+                                               return self.write_c_mangled_container_path(w, Self::path_to_generic_args(&p.path), &full_path, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if p.path.leading_colon.is_some() { return false; }
+                               self.write_c_path_intern(w, &p.path, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref)
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
+                               if let Some(lft) = &r.lifetime {
+                                       if format!("{}", lft.ident) != "static" { return false; }
+                               }
+                               self.write_c_type_intern(generics, w, &*r.elem, true, r.mutability.is_some(), ptr_for_ref)
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Array(a) => {
+                               if is_ref && is_mut {
+                                       write!(w, "*mut [").unwrap();
+                                       if !self.write_c_type_intern(generics, w, &a.elem, false, false, ptr_for_ref) { return false; }
+                               } else if is_ref {
+                                       write!(w, "*const [").unwrap();
+                                       if !self.write_c_type_intern(generics, w, &a.elem, false, false, ptr_for_ref) { return false; }
+                               } else {
+                                       let mut typecheck = Vec::new();
+                                       if !self.write_c_type_intern(generics, &mut typecheck, &a.elem, false, false, ptr_for_ref) { return false; }
+                                       if typecheck[..] != ['u' as u8, '8' as u8] { return false; }
+                               }
+                               if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
+                                       if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
+                                               if !is_ref {
+                                                       if let Some(ty) = self.c_type_from_path(&format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits()), false, ptr_for_ref) {
+                                                               write!(w, "{}", ty).unwrap();
+                                                               true
+                                                       } else { false }
+                                               } else {
+                                                       write!(w, "; {}]", i).unwrap();
+                                                       true
+                                               }
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else { false }
+                       }
+                       syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
+                               if !is_ref || is_mut { return false; }
+                               if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
+                                       let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                                       if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
+                                               write!(w, "{}::{}slice", Self::container_templ_path(), resolved).unwrap();
+                                               true
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else if let syn::Type::Reference(r) = &*s.elem {
+                                       if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r.elem {
+                                               // Slices with "real types" inside are mapped as the equivalent non-ref Vec
+                                               let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path);
+                                               let mangled_container = if let Some(ident) = self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved) {
+                                                       format!("CVec_{}Z", ident)
+                                               } else if let Some(en) = self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&resolved) {
+                                                       format!("CVec_{}Z", en.ident)
+                                               } else if let Some(id) = p.path.get_ident() {
+                                                       format!("CVec_{}Z", id)
+                                               } else { return false; };
+                                               write!(w, "{}::{}", Self::generated_container_path(), mangled_container).unwrap();
+                                               self.check_create_container(mangled_container, "Vec", vec![&*r.elem], false);
+                                               true
+                                       } else { false }
+                               } else { false }
+                       },
+                       syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
+                               if t.elems.len() == 0 {
+                                       true
+                               } else {
+                                       self.write_c_mangled_container_path(w, t.elems.iter().collect(),
+                                               &format!("{}Tuple", t.elems.len()), is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref)
+                               }
+                       },
+                       _ => false,
+               }
+       }
+       pub fn write_c_type<W: std::io::Write>(&mut self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
+               assert!(self.write_c_type_intern(generics, w, t, false, false, ptr_for_ref));
+       }
+       pub fn understood_c_path(&mut self, p: &syn::Path) -> bool {
+               if p.leading_colon.is_some() { return false; }
+               self.write_c_path_intern(&mut std::io::sink(), p, false, false, false)
+       }
+       pub fn understood_c_type(&mut self, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
+               self.write_c_type_intern(generics, &mut std::io::sink(), t, false, false, false)
+       }
+}