Introduce `ChannelPhase` enum

Introduce `ChannelPhase` enum

We introduce the `ChannelPhase` enum which will contain the different
channel structs wrapped by each of its variants so that we can place
these within a single `channel_by_id` map in `peer_state` in the
following commits. This will reduce the number of map lookup operations
we need to do in `ChannelManager`'s various methods. It will also make
certain channel counting logic easier to reason about with less risk of
forgetting to modify logic when new channels structs are introduced for
V2 channel establishment.