Track claimed outbound HTLCs in ChannelMonitors

Track claimed outbound HTLCs in ChannelMonitors

When we receive an update_fulfill_htlc message, we immediately try
to "claim" the HTLC against the HTLCSource. If there is one, this
works great, we immediately generate a `ChannelMonitorUpdate` for
the corresponding inbound HTLC and persist that before we ever get
to processing our counterparty's `commitment_signed` and persisting
the corresponding `ChannelMonitorUpdate`.

However, if there isn't one (and this is the first successful HTLC
for a payment we sent), we immediately generate a `PaymentSent`
event and queue it up for the user. Then, a millisecond later, we
receive the `commitment_signed` from our peer, removing the HTLC
from the latest local commitment transaction as a side-effect of
the `ChannelMonitorUpdate` applied.

If the user has processed the `PaymentSent` event by that point,
great, we're done. However, if they have not, and we crash prior to
persisting the `ChannelManager`, on startup we get confused about
the state of the payment. We'll force-close the channel for being
stale, and see an HTLC which was removed and is no longer present
in the latest commitment transaction (which we're broadcasting).
Because we claim corresponding inbound HTLCs before updating a
`ChannelMonitor`, we assume such HTLCs have failed - attempting to
fail after having claimed should be a noop. However, in the
sent-payment case we now generate a `PaymentFailed` event for the
user, allowing an HTLC to complete without giving the user a
preimage.

Here we address this issue by storing the payment preimages for
claimed outbound HTLCs in the `ChannelMonitor`, in addition to the
existing inbound HTLC preimages already stored there. This allows
us to fix the specific issue described by checking for a preimage
and switching the type of event generated in response. In addition,
it reduces the risk of future confusion by ensuring we don't fail
HTLCs which were claimed but not fully committed to before a crash.

It does not, however, full fix the issue here - because the
preimages are removed after the HTLC has been fully removed from
available commitment transactions if we are substantially delayed
in persisting the `ChannelManager` from the time we receive the
`update_fulfill_htlc` until after a full commitment signed dance
completes we may still hit this issue. The full fix for this issue
is to delay the persistence of the `ChannelMonitorUpdate` until
after the `PaymentSent` event has been processed. This avoids the
issue entirely, ensuring we process the event before updating the
`ChannelMonitor`, the same as we ensure the upstream HTLC has been
claimed before updating the `ChannelMonitor` for forwarded
payments.

The full solution will be implemented in a later work, however this
change still makes sense at that point as well - if we were to
delay the initial `commitment_signed` `ChannelMonitorUpdate` util
after the `PaymentSent` event has been processed (which likely
requires a database update on the users' end), we'd hold our
`commitment_signed` + `revoke_and_ack` response for two DB writes
(i.e. `fsync()` calls), making our commitment transaction
processing a full `fsync` slower. By making this change first, we
can instead delay the `ChannelMonitorUpdate` from the
counterparty's final `revoke_and_ack` message until the event has
been processed, giving us a full network roundtrip to do so and
avoiding delaying our response as long as an `fsync` is faster than
a network roundtrip.