_ Git - ldk-c-bindings/blob - c-bindings-gen/src/types.rs

   1 // This file is Copyright its original authors, visible in version control
   2 // history.
   3 //
   4 // This file is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE>
   5 // or the MIT license <LICENSE-MIT>, at your option.
   6 // You may not use this file except in accordance with one or both of these
   7 // licenses.
   8
   9 use std::cell::RefCell;
  10 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
  11 use std::fs::File;
  12 use std::io::Write;
  13 use std::hash;
  14
  15 use crate::blocks::*;
  16
  17 use proc_macro2::{TokenTree, Span};
  18 use quote::format_ident;
  19 use syn::parse_quote;
  20
  21 // The following utils are used purely to build our known types maps - they break down all the
  22 // types we need to resolve to include the given object, and no more.
  23
  24 pub fn first_seg_self<'a>(t: &'a syn::Type) -> Option<impl Iterator<Item=&syn::PathSegment> + 'a> {
  25         match t {
  26                 syn::Type::Path(p) => {
  27                         if p.qself.is_some() || p.path.leading_colon.is_some() {
  28                                 return None;
  29                         }
  30                         let mut segs = p.path.segments.iter();
  31                         let ty = segs.next().unwrap();
  32                         if !ty.arguments.is_empty() { return None; }
  33                         if format!("{}", ty.ident) == "Self" {
  34                                 Some(segs)
  35                         } else { None }
  36                 },
  37                 _ => None,
  38         }
  39 }
  40
  41 pub fn get_single_remaining_path_seg<'a, I: Iterator<Item=&'a syn::PathSegment>>(segs: &mut I) -> Option<&'a syn::Ident> {
  42         if let Some(ty) = segs.next() {
  43                 if !ty.arguments.is_empty() { unimplemented!(); }
  44                 if segs.next().is_some() { return None; }
  45                 Some(&ty.ident)
  46         } else { None }
  47 }
  48
  49 pub fn first_seg_is_stdlib(first_seg_str: &str) -> bool {
  50         first_seg_str == "std" || first_seg_str == "core" || first_seg_str == "alloc"
  51 }
  52
  53 pub fn single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(p: &syn::Path) -> Option<&syn::Ident> {
  54         if p.segments.len() == 1 {
  55                 Some(&p.segments.iter().next().unwrap().ident)
  56         } else { None }
  57 }
  58
  59 pub fn path_matches_nongeneric(p: &syn::Path, exp: &[&str]) -> bool {
  60         if p.segments.len() != exp.len() { return false; }
  61         for (seg, e) in p.segments.iter().zip(exp.iter()) {
  62                 if seg.arguments != syn::PathArguments::None { return false; }
  63                 if &format!("{}", seg.ident) != *e { return false; }
  64         }
  65         true
  66 }
  67
  68 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
  69 pub enum ExportStatus {
  70         Export,
  71         NoExport,
  72         TestOnly,
  73         /// This is used only for traits to indicate that users should not be able to implement their
  74         /// own version of a trait, but we should export Rust implementations of the trait (and the
  75         /// trait itself).
  76         /// Concretly, this means that we do not implement the Rust trait for the C trait struct.
  77         NotImplementable,
  78 }
  79 /// Gets the ExportStatus of an object (struct, fn, etc) given its attributes.
  80 pub fn export_status(attrs: &[syn::Attribute]) -> ExportStatus {
  81         for attr in attrs.iter() {
  82                 let tokens_clone = attr.tokens.clone();
  83                 let mut token_iter = tokens_clone.into_iter();
  84                 if let Some(token) = token_iter.next() {
  85                         match token {
  86                                 TokenTree::Punct(c) if c.as_char() == '=' => {
  87                                         // Really not sure where syn gets '=' from here -
  88                                         // it somehow represents '///' or '//!'
  89                                 },
  90                                 TokenTree::Group(g) => {
  91                                         if format!("{}", single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&attr.path).unwrap()) == "cfg" {
  92                                                 let mut iter = g.stream().into_iter();
  93                                                 if let TokenTree::Ident(i) = iter.next().unwrap() {
  94                                                         if i == "any" {
  95                                                                 // #[cfg(any(test, feature = ""))]
  96                                                                 if let TokenTree::Group(g) = iter.next().unwrap() {
  97                                                                         let mut all_test = true;
  98                                                                         for token in g.stream().into_iter() {
  99                                                                                 if let TokenTree::Ident(i) = token {
 100                                                                                         match format!("{}", i).as_str() {
 101                                                                                                 "test" => {},
 102                                                                                                 "feature" => {},
 103                                                                                                 _ => all_test = false,
 104                                                                                         }
 105                                                                                 } else if let TokenTree::Literal(lit) = token {
 106                                                                                         if format!("{}", lit) != "fuzztarget" {
 107                                                                                                 all_test = false;
 108                                                                                         }
 109                                                                                 }
 110                                                                         }
 111                                                                         if all_test { return ExportStatus::TestOnly; }
 112                                                                 }
 113                                                         } else if i == "test" {
 114                                                                 return ExportStatus::TestOnly;
 115                                                         }
 116                                                 }
 117                                         }
 118                                         continue; // eg #[derive()]
 119                                 },
 120                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
 121                         }
 122                 } else { continue; }
 123                 match token_iter.next().unwrap() {
 124                         TokenTree::Literal(lit) => {
 125                                 let line = format!("{}", lit);
 126                                 if line.contains("(C-not exported)") {
 127                                         return ExportStatus::NoExport;
 128                                 } else if line.contains("(C-not implementable)") {
 129                                         return ExportStatus::NotImplementable;
 130                                 }
 131                         },
 132                         _ => unimplemented!(),
 133                 }
 134         }
 135         ExportStatus::Export
 136 }
 137
 138 pub fn assert_simple_bound(bound: &syn::TraitBound) {
 139         if bound.paren_token.is_some() || bound.lifetimes.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
 140         if let syn::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe(_) = bound.modifier { unimplemented!(); }
 141 }
 142
 143 /// Returns true if the enum will be mapped as an opaue (ie struct with a pointer to the underlying
 144 /// type), otherwise it is mapped into a transparent, C-compatible version of itself.
 145 pub fn is_enum_opaque(e: &syn::ItemEnum) -> bool {
 146         for var in e.variants.iter() {
 147                 if let syn::Fields::Named(fields) = &var.fields {
 148                         for field in fields.named.iter() {
 149                                 match export_status(&field.attrs) {
 150                                         ExportStatus::Export|ExportStatus::TestOnly => {},
 151                                         ExportStatus::NotImplementable => panic!("(C-not implementable) should only appear on traits!"),
 152                                         ExportStatus::NoExport => return true,
 153                                 }
 154                         }
 155                 } else if let syn::Fields::Unnamed(fields) = &var.fields {
 156                         for field in fields.unnamed.iter() {
 157                                 match export_status(&field.attrs) {
 158                                         ExportStatus::Export|ExportStatus::TestOnly => {},
 159                                         ExportStatus::NotImplementable => panic!("(C-not implementable) should only appear on traits!"),
 160                                         ExportStatus::NoExport => return true,
 161                                 }
 162                         }
 163                 }
 164         }
 165         false
 166 }
 167
 168 /// A stack of sets of generic resolutions.
 169 ///
 170 /// This tracks the template parameters for a function, struct, or trait, allowing resolution into
 171 /// a concrete type. By pushing a new context onto the stack, this can track a function's template
 172 /// parameters inside of a generic struct or trait.
 173 ///
 174 /// It maps both direct types as well as Deref<Target = X>, mapping them via the provided
 175 /// TypeResolver's resolve_path function (ie traits map to the concrete jump table, structs to the
 176 /// concrete C container struct, etc).
 177 #[must_use]
 178 pub struct GenericTypes<'a, 'b> {
 179         self_ty: Option<String>,
 180         parent: Option<&'b GenericTypes<'b, 'b>>,
 181         typed_generics: HashMap<&'a syn::Ident, String>,
 182         default_generics: HashMap<&'a syn::Ident, (syn::Type, syn::Type)>,
 183 }
 184 impl<'a, 'p: 'a> GenericTypes<'a, 'p> {
 185         pub fn new(self_ty: Option<String>) -> Self {
 186                 Self { self_ty, parent: None, typed_generics: HashMap::new(), default_generics: HashMap::new(), }
 187         }
 188
 189         /// push a new context onto the stack, allowing for a new set of generics to be learned which
 190         /// will override any lower contexts, but which will still fall back to resoltion via lower
 191         /// contexts.
 192         pub fn push_ctx<'c>(&'c self) -> GenericTypes<'a, 'c> {
 193                 GenericTypes { self_ty: None, parent: Some(self), typed_generics: HashMap::new(), default_generics: HashMap::new(), }
 194         }
 195
 196         /// Learn the generics in generics in the current context, given a TypeResolver.
 197         pub fn learn_generics<'b, 'c>(&mut self, generics: &'a syn::Generics, types: &'b TypeResolver<'a, 'c>) -> bool {
 198                 let mut new_typed_generics = HashMap::new();
 199                 // First learn simple generics...
 200                 for generic in generics.params.iter() {
 201                         match generic {
 202                                 syn::GenericParam::Type(type_param) => {
 203                                         let mut non_lifetimes_processed = false;
 204                                         'bound_loop: for bound in type_param.bounds.iter() {
 205                                                 if let syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(trait_bound) = bound {
 206                                                         if let Some(ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&trait_bound.path) {
 207                                                                 match &format!("{}", ident) as &str { "Send" => continue, "Sync" => continue, _ => {} }
 208                                                         }
 209                                                         if path_matches_nongeneric(&trait_bound.path, &["core", "clone", "Clone"]) { continue; }
 210
 211                                                         assert_simple_bound(&trait_bound);
 212                                                         if let Some(path) = types.maybe_resolve_path(&trait_bound.path, None) {
 213                                                                 if types.skip_path(&path) { continue; }
 214                                                                 if path == "Sized" { continue; }
 215                                                                 if non_lifetimes_processed { return false; }
 216                                                                 non_lifetimes_processed = true;
 217                                                                 if path != "std::ops::Deref" && path != "core::ops::Deref" {
 218                                                                         new_typed_generics.insert(&type_param.ident, Some(path));
 219                                                                 } else if trait_bound.path.segments.len() == 1 {
 220                                                                         // If we're templated on Deref<Target = ConcreteThing>, store
 221                                                                         // the reference type in `default_generics` which handles full
 222                                                                         // types and not just paths.
 223                                                                         if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(ref args) =
 224                                                                                         trait_bound.path.segments[0].arguments {
 225                                                                                 for subargument in args.args.iter() {
 226                                                                                         match subargument {
 227                                                                                                 syn::GenericArgument::Lifetime(_) => {},
 228                                                                                                 syn::GenericArgument::Binding(ref b) => {
 229                                                                                                         if &format!("{}", b.ident) != "Target" { return false; }
 230                                                                                                         let default = &b.ty;
 231                                                                                                         self.default_generics.insert(&type_param.ident, (parse_quote!(&#default), parse_quote!(&#default)));
 232                                                                                                         break 'bound_loop;
 233                                                                                                 },
 234                                                                                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
 235                                                                                         }
 236                                                                                 }
 237                                                                         } else {
 238                                                                                 new_typed_generics.insert(&type_param.ident, None);
 239                                                                         }
 240                                                                 }
 241                                                         }
 242                                                 }
 243                                         }
 244                                         if let Some(default) = type_param.default.as_ref() {
 245                                                 assert!(type_param.bounds.is_empty());
 246                                                 self.default_generics.insert(&type_param.ident, (default.clone(), parse_quote!(&#default)));
 247                                         }
 248                                 },
 249                                 _ => {},
 250                         }
 251                 }
 252                 // Then find generics where we are required to pass a Deref<Target=X> and pretend its just X.
 253                 if let Some(wh) = &generics.where_clause {
 254                         for pred in wh.predicates.iter() {
 255                                 if let syn::WherePredicate::Type(t) = pred {
 256                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &t.bounded_ty {
 257                                                 if p.qself.is_some() { return false; }
 258                                                 if p.path.leading_colon.is_some() { return false; }
 259                                                 let mut p_iter = p.path.segments.iter();
 260                                                 if let Some(gen) = new_typed_generics.get_mut(&p_iter.next().unwrap().ident) {
 261                                                         if gen.is_some() { return false; }
 262                                                         if &format!("{}", p_iter.next().unwrap().ident) != "Target" {return false; }
 263
 264                                                         let mut non_lifetimes_processed = false;
 265                                                         for bound in t.bounds.iter() {
 266                                                                 if let syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(trait_bound) = bound {
 267                                                                         if let Some(id) = trait_bound.path.get_ident() {
 268                                                                                 if format!("{}", id) == "Sized" { continue; }
 269                                                                         }
 270                                                                         if non_lifetimes_processed { return false; }
 271                                                                         non_lifetimes_processed = true;
 272                                                                         assert_simple_bound(&trait_bound);
 273                                                                         *gen = Some(types.resolve_path(&trait_bound.path, None));
 274                                                                 }
 275                                                         }
 276                                                 } else { return false; }
 277                                         } else { return false; }
 278                                 }
 279                         }
 280                 }
 281                 for (key, value) in new_typed_generics.drain() {
 282                         if let Some(v) = value {
 283                                 assert!(self.typed_generics.insert(key, v).is_none());
 284                         } else { return false; }
 285                 }
 286                 true
 287         }
 288
 289         /// Learn the associated types from the trait in the current context.
 290         pub fn learn_associated_types<'b, 'c>(&mut self, t: &'a syn::ItemTrait, types: &'b TypeResolver<'a, 'c>) {
 291                 for item in t.items.iter() {
 292                         match item {
 293                                 &syn::TraitItem::Type(ref t) => {
 294                                         if t.default.is_some() || t.generics.lt_token.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
 295                                         let mut bounds_iter = t.bounds.iter();
 296                                         loop {
 297                                                 match bounds_iter.next().unwrap() {
 298                                                         syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(tr) => {
 299                                                                 assert_simple_bound(&tr);
 300                                                                 if let Some(path) = types.maybe_resolve_path(&tr.path, None) {
 301                                                                         if types.skip_path(&path) { continue; }
 302                                                                         // In general we handle Deref<Target=X> as if it were just X (and
 303                                                                         // implement Deref<Target=Self> for relevant types). We don't
 304                                                                         // bother to implement it for associated types, however, so we just
 305                                                                         // ignore such bounds.
 306                                                                         if path != "std::ops::Deref" && path != "core::ops::Deref" {
 307                                                                                 self.typed_generics.insert(&t.ident, path);
 308                                                                         }
 309                                                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
 310                                                                 for bound in bounds_iter {
 311                                                                         if let syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(_) = bound { unimplemented!(); }
 312                                                                 }
 313                                                                 break;
 314                                                         },
 315                                                         syn::TypeParamBound::Lifetime(_) => {},
 316                                                 }
 317                                         }
 318                                 },
 319                                 _ => {},
 320                         }
 321                 }
 322         }
 323
 324         /// Attempt to resolve a Path as a generic parameter and return the full path. as both a string
 325         /// and syn::Path.
 326         pub fn maybe_resolve_path<'b>(&'b self, path: &syn::Path) -> Option<&'b String> {
 327                 if let Some(ident) = path.get_ident() {
 328                         if let Some(ty) = &self.self_ty {
 329                                 if format!("{}", ident) == "Self" {
 330                                         return Some(&ty);
 331                                 }
 332                         }
 333                         if let Some(res) = self.typed_generics.get(ident) {
 334                                 return Some(res);
 335                         }
 336                 } else {
 337                         // Associated types are usually specified as "Self::Generic", so we check for that
 338                         // explicitly here.
 339                         let mut it = path.segments.iter();
 340                         if path.segments.len() == 2 && format!("{}", it.next().unwrap().ident) == "Self" {
 341                                 let ident = &it.next().unwrap().ident;
 342                                 if let Some(res) = self.typed_generics.get(ident) {
 343                                         return Some(res);
 344                                 }
 345                         }
 346                 }
 347                 if let Some(parent) = self.parent {
 348                         parent.maybe_resolve_path(path)
 349                 } else {
 350                         None
 351                 }
 352         }
 353 }
 354
 355 trait ResolveType<'a> { fn resolve_type(&'a self, ty: &'a syn::Type) -> &'a syn::Type; }
 356 impl<'a, 'b, 'c: 'a + 'b> ResolveType<'c> for Option<&GenericTypes<'a, 'b>> {
 357         fn resolve_type(&'c self, ty: &'c syn::Type) -> &'c syn::Type {
 358                 if let Some(us) = self {
 359                         match ty {
 360                                 syn::Type::Path(p) => {
 361                                         if let Some(ident) = p.path.get_ident() {
 362                                                 if let Some((ty, _)) = us.default_generics.get(ident) {
 363                                                         return ty;
 364                                                 }
 365                                         }
 366                                 },
 367                                 syn::Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference { elem, .. }) => {
 368                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &**elem {
 369                                                 if let Some(ident) = p.path.get_ident() {
 370                                                         if let Some((_, refty)) = us.default_generics.get(ident) {
 371                                                                 return refty;
 372                                                         }
 373                                                 }
 374                                         }
 375                                 }
 376                                 _ => {},
 377                         }
 378                         us.parent.resolve_type(ty)
 379                 } else { ty }
 380         }
 381 }
 382
 383 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 384 // The type of declaration and the object itself
 385 pub enum DeclType<'a> {
 386         MirroredEnum,
 387         Trait(&'a syn::ItemTrait),
 388         StructImported { generics: &'a syn::Generics  },
 389         StructIgnored,
 390         EnumIgnored { generics: &'a syn::Generics },
 391 }
 392
 393 pub struct ImportResolver<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft: 'mod_lifetime> {
 394         crate_name: &'mod_lifetime str,
 395         dependencies: &'mod_lifetime HashSet<syn::Ident>,
 396         module_path: &'mod_lifetime str,
 397         imports: HashMap<syn::Ident, (String, syn::Path)>,
 398         declared: HashMap<syn::Ident, DeclType<'crate_lft>>,
 399         priv_modules: HashSet<syn::Ident>,
 400 }
 401 impl<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft: 'mod_lifetime> ImportResolver<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft> {
 402         fn process_use_intern(crate_name: &str, module_path: &str, dependencies: &HashSet<syn::Ident>, imports: &mut HashMap<syn::Ident, (String, syn::Path)>,
 403                         u: &syn::UseTree, partial_path: &str, mut path: syn::punctuated::Punctuated<syn::PathSegment, syn::token::Colon2>) {
 404
 405                 let new_path;
 406                 macro_rules! push_path {
 407                         ($ident: expr, $path_suffix: expr) => {
 408                                 if partial_path == "" && format!("{}", $ident) == "super" {
 409                                         let mut mod_iter = module_path.rsplitn(2, "::");
 410                                         mod_iter.next().unwrap();
 411                                         let super_mod = mod_iter.next().unwrap();
 412                                         new_path = format!("{}{}", super_mod, $path_suffix);
 413                                         assert_eq!(path.len(), 0);
 414                                         for module in super_mod.split("::") {
 415                                                 path.push(syn::PathSegment { ident: syn::Ident::new(module, Span::call_site()), arguments: syn::PathArguments::None });
 416                                         }
 417                                 } else if partial_path == "" && format!("{}", $ident) == "self" {
 418                                         new_path = format!("{}{}", module_path, $path_suffix);
 419                                         for module in module_path.split("::") {
 420                                                 path.push(syn::PathSegment { ident: syn::Ident::new(module, Span::call_site()), arguments: syn::PathArguments::None });
 421                                         }
 422                                 } else if partial_path == "" && format!("{}", $ident) == "crate" {
 423                                         new_path = format!("{}{}", crate_name, $path_suffix);
 424                                         let crate_name_ident = format_ident!("{}", crate_name);
 425                                         path.push(parse_quote!(#crate_name_ident));
 426                                 } else if partial_path == "" && !dependencies.contains(&$ident) {
 427                                         new_path = format!("{}::{}{}", crate_name, $ident, $path_suffix);
 428                                         let crate_name_ident = format_ident!("{}", crate_name);
 429                                         path.push(parse_quote!(#crate_name_ident));
 430                                 } else {
 431                                         new_path = format!("{}{}{}", partial_path, $ident, $path_suffix);
 432                                 }
 433                                 let ident = &$ident;
 434                                 path.push(parse_quote!(#ident));
 435                         }
 436                 }
 437                 match u {
 438                         syn::UseTree::Path(p) => {
 439                                 push_path!(p.ident, "::");
 440                                 Self::process_use_intern(crate_name, module_path, dependencies, imports, &p.tree, &new_path, path);
 441                         },
 442                         syn::UseTree::Name(n) => {
 443                                 push_path!(n.ident, "");
 444                                 imports.insert(n.ident.clone(), (new_path, syn::Path { leading_colon: Some(syn::Token![::](Span::call_site())), segments: path }));
 445                         },
 446                         syn::UseTree::Group(g) => {
 447                                 for i in g.items.iter() {
 448                                         Self::process_use_intern(crate_name, module_path, dependencies, imports, i, partial_path, path.clone());
 449                                 }
 450                         },
 451                         syn::UseTree::Rename(r) => {
 452                                 push_path!(r.ident, "");
 453                                 imports.insert(r.rename.clone(), (new_path, syn::Path { leading_colon: Some(syn::Token![::](Span::call_site())), segments: path }));
 454                         },
 455                         syn::UseTree::Glob(_) => {
 456                                 eprintln!("Ignoring * use for {} - this may result in resolution failures", partial_path);
 457                         },
 458                 }
 459         }
 460
 461         fn process_use(crate_name: &str, module_path: &str, dependencies: &HashSet<syn::Ident>, imports: &mut HashMap<syn::Ident, (String, syn::Path)>, u: &syn::ItemUse) {
 462                 if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = u.vis {
 463                         // We actually only use these for #[cfg(fuzztarget)]
 464                         eprintln!("Ignoring pub(use) tree!");
 465                         return;
 466                 }
 467                 if u.leading_colon.is_some() { eprintln!("Ignoring leading-colon use!"); return; }
 468                 Self::process_use_intern(crate_name, module_path, dependencies, imports, &u.tree, "", syn::punctuated::Punctuated::new());
 469         }
 470
 471         fn insert_primitive(imports: &mut HashMap<syn::Ident, (String, syn::Path)>, id: &str) {
 472                 let ident = format_ident!("{}", id);
 473                 let path = parse_quote!(#ident);
 474                 imports.insert(ident, (id.to_owned(), path));
 475         }
 476
 477         pub fn new(crate_name: &'mod_lifetime str, dependencies: &'mod_lifetime HashSet<syn::Ident>, module_path: &'mod_lifetime str, contents: &'crate_lft [syn::Item]) -> Self {
 478                 Self::from_borrowed_items(crate_name, dependencies, module_path, &contents.iter().map(|a| a).collect::<Vec<_>>())
 479         }
 480         pub fn from_borrowed_items(crate_name: &'mod_lifetime str, dependencies: &'mod_lifetime HashSet<syn::Ident>, module_path: &'mod_lifetime str, contents: &[&'crate_lft syn::Item]) -> Self {
 481                 let mut imports = HashMap::new();
 482                 // Add primitives to the "imports" list:
 483                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "bool");
 484                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "u64");
 485                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "u32");
 486                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "u16");
 487                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "u8");
 488                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "usize");
 489                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "str");
 490                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "String");
 491
 492                 // These are here to allow us to print native Rust types in trait fn impls even if we don't
 493                 // have C mappings:
 494                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "Result");
 495                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "Vec");
 496                 Self::insert_primitive(&mut imports, "Option");
 497
 498                 let mut declared = HashMap::new();
 499                 let mut priv_modules = HashSet::new();
 500
 501                 for item in contents.iter() {
 502                         match item {
 503                                 syn::Item::Use(u) => Self::process_use(crate_name, module_path, dependencies, &mut imports, &u),
 504                                 syn::Item::Struct(s) => {
 505                                         if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = s.vis {
 506                                                 match export_status(&s.attrs) {
 507                                                         ExportStatus::Export => { declared.insert(s.ident.clone(), DeclType::StructImported { generics: &s.generics }); },
 508                                                         ExportStatus::NoExport => { declared.insert(s.ident.clone(), DeclType::StructIgnored); },
 509                                                         ExportStatus::TestOnly => continue,
 510                                                         ExportStatus::NotImplementable => panic!("(C-not implementable) should only appear on traits!"),
 511                                                 }
 512                                         }
 513                                 },
 514                                 syn::Item::Type(t) if export_status(&t.attrs) == ExportStatus::Export => {
 515                                         if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = t.vis {
 516                                                 let mut process_alias = true;
 517                                                 for tok in t.generics.params.iter() {
 518                                                         if let syn::GenericParam::Lifetime(_) = tok {}
 519                                                         else { process_alias = false; }
 520                                                 }
 521                                                 if process_alias {
 522                                                         declared.insert(t.ident.clone(), DeclType::StructImported { generics: &t.generics });
 523                                                 }
 524                                         }
 525                                 },
 526                                 syn::Item::Enum(e) => {
 527                                         if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = e.vis {
 528                                                 match export_status(&e.attrs) {
 529                                                         ExportStatus::Export if is_enum_opaque(e) => { declared.insert(e.ident.clone(), DeclType::EnumIgnored { generics: &e.generics }); },
 530                                                         ExportStatus::Export => { declared.insert(e.ident.clone(), DeclType::MirroredEnum); },
 531                                                         ExportStatus::NotImplementable => panic!("(C-not implementable) should only appear on traits!"),
 532                                                         _ => continue,
 533                                                 }
 534                                         }
 535                                 },
 536                                 syn::Item::Trait(t) => {
 537                                         match export_status(&t.attrs) {
 538                                                 ExportStatus::Export|ExportStatus::NotImplementable => {
 539                                                         if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = t.vis {
 540                                                                 declared.insert(t.ident.clone(), DeclType::Trait(t));
 541                                                         }
 542                                                 },
 543                                                 _ => continue,
 544                                         }
 545                                 },
 546                                 syn::Item::Mod(m) => {
 547                                         priv_modules.insert(m.ident.clone());
 548                                 },
 549                                 _ => {},
 550                         }
 551                 }
 552
 553                 Self { crate_name, dependencies, module_path, imports, declared, priv_modules }
 554         }
 555
 556         pub fn get_declared_type(&self, ident: &syn::Ident) -> Option<&DeclType<'crate_lft>> {
 557                 self.declared.get(ident)
 558         }
 559
 560         pub fn maybe_resolve_declared(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<&DeclType<'crate_lft>> {
 561                 self.declared.get(id)
 562         }
 563
 564         pub fn maybe_resolve_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
 565                 if let Some((imp, _)) = self.imports.get(id) {
 566                         Some(imp.clone())
 567                 } else if self.declared.get(id).is_some() {
 568                         Some(self.module_path.to_string() + "::" + &format!("{}", id))
 569                 } else { None }
 570         }
 571
 572         pub fn maybe_resolve_non_ignored_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
 573                 if let Some((imp, _)) = self.imports.get(id) {
 574                         Some(imp.clone())
 575                 } else if let Some(decl_type) = self.declared.get(id) {
 576                         match decl_type {
 577                                 DeclType::StructIgnored => None,
 578                                 _ => Some(self.module_path.to_string() + "::" + &format!("{}", id)),
 579                         }
 580                 } else { None }
 581         }
 582
 583         pub fn maybe_resolve_path(&self, p: &syn::Path, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> Option<String> {
 584                 if let Some(gen_types) = generics {
 585                         if let Some(resp) = gen_types.maybe_resolve_path(p) {
 586                                 return Some(resp.clone());
 587                         }
 588                 }
 589
 590                 if p.leading_colon.is_some() {
 591                         let mut res: String = p.segments.iter().enumerate().map(|(idx, seg)| {
 592                                 format!("{}{}", if idx == 0 { "" } else { "::" }, seg.ident)
 593                         }).collect();
 594                         let firstseg = p.segments.iter().next().unwrap();
 595                         if !self.dependencies.contains(&firstseg.ident) {
 596                                 res = self.crate_name.to_owned() + "::" + &res;
 597                         }
 598                         Some(res)
 599                 } else if let Some(id) = p.get_ident() {
 600                         self.maybe_resolve_ident(id)
 601                 } else {
 602                         if p.segments.len() == 1 {
 603                                 let seg = p.segments.iter().next().unwrap();
 604                                 return self.maybe_resolve_ident(&seg.ident);
 605                         }
 606                         let mut seg_iter = p.segments.iter();
 607                         let first_seg = seg_iter.next().unwrap();
 608                         let remaining: String = seg_iter.map(|seg| {
 609                                 format!("::{}", seg.ident)
 610                         }).collect();
 611                         let first_seg_str = format!("{}", first_seg.ident);
 612                         if let Some((imp, _)) = self.imports.get(&first_seg.ident) {
 613                                 if remaining != "" {
 614                                         Some(imp.clone() + &remaining)
 615                                 } else {
 616                                         Some(imp.clone())
 617                                 }
 618                         } else if let Some(_) = self.priv_modules.get(&first_seg.ident) {
 619                                 Some(format!("{}::{}{}", self.module_path, first_seg.ident, remaining))
 620                         } else if first_seg_is_stdlib(&first_seg_str) || self.dependencies.contains(&first_seg.ident) {
 621                                 Some(first_seg_str + &remaining)
 622                         } else { None }
 623                 }
 624         }
 625
 626         /// Map all the Paths in a Type into absolute paths given a set of imports (generated via process_use_intern)
 627         pub fn resolve_imported_refs(&self, mut ty: syn::Type) -> syn::Type {
 628                 match &mut ty {
 629                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
 630                                 if p.path.segments.len() != 1 { unimplemented!(); }
 631                                 let mut args = p.path.segments[0].arguments.clone();
 632                                 if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(ref mut generics) = &mut args {
 633                                         for arg in generics.args.iter_mut() {
 634                                                 if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ref mut t) = arg {
 635                                                         *t = self.resolve_imported_refs(t.clone());
 636                                                 }
 637                                         }
 638                                 }
 639                                 if let Some((_, newpath)) = self.imports.get(single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p.path).unwrap()) {
 640                                         p.path = newpath.clone();
 641                                 }
 642                                 p.path.segments[0].arguments = args;
 643                         },
 644                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
 645                                 r.elem = Box::new(self.resolve_imported_refs((*r.elem).clone()));
 646                         },
 647                         syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
 648                                 s.elem = Box::new(self.resolve_imported_refs((*s.elem).clone()));
 649                         },
 650                         syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
 651                                 for e in t.elems.iter_mut() {
 652                                         *e = self.resolve_imported_refs(e.clone());
 653                                 }
 654                         },
 655                         _ => unimplemented!(),
 656                 }
 657                 ty
 658         }
 659 }
 660
 661 // templates_defined is walked to write the C++ header, so if we use the default hashing it get
 662 // reordered on each genbindings run. Instead, we use SipHasher (which defaults to 0-keys) so that
 663 // the sorting is stable across runs. It is deprecated, but the "replacement" doesn't actually
 664 // accomplish the same goals, so we just ignore it.
 665 #[allow(deprecated)]
 666 pub type NonRandomHash = hash::BuildHasherDefault<hash::SipHasher>;
 667
 668 /// A public module
 669 pub struct ASTModule {
 670         pub attrs: Vec<syn::Attribute>,
 671         pub items: Vec<syn::Item>,
 672         pub submods: Vec<String>,
 673 }
 674 /// A struct containing the syn::File AST for each file in the crate.
 675 pub struct FullLibraryAST {
 676         pub modules: HashMap<String, ASTModule, NonRandomHash>,
 677         pub dependencies: HashSet<syn::Ident>,
 678 }
 679 impl FullLibraryAST {
 680         fn load_module(&mut self, module: String, attrs: Vec<syn::Attribute>, mut items: Vec<syn::Item>) {
 681                 let mut non_mod_items = Vec::with_capacity(items.len());
 682                 let mut submods = Vec::with_capacity(items.len());
 683                 for item in items.drain(..) {
 684                         match item {
 685                                 syn::Item::Mod(m) if m.content.is_some() => {
 686                                         if export_status(&m.attrs) == ExportStatus::Export {
 687                                                 if let syn::Visibility::Public(_) = m.vis {
 688                                                         let modident = format!("{}", m.ident);
 689                                                         let modname = if module != "" {
 690                                                                 module.clone() + "::" + &modident
 691                                                         } else {
 692                                                                 modident.clone()
 693                                                         };
 694                                                         self.load_module(modname, m.attrs, m.content.unwrap().1);
 695                                                         submods.push(modident);
 696                                                 } else {
 697                                                         non_mod_items.push(syn::Item::Mod(m));
 698                                                 }
 699                                         }
 700                                 },
 701                                 syn::Item::Mod(_) => panic!("--pretty=expanded output should never have non-body modules"),
 702                                 syn::Item::ExternCrate(c) => {
 703                                         if export_status(&c.attrs) == ExportStatus::Export {
 704                                                 self.dependencies.insert(c.ident);
 705                                         }
 706                                 },
 707                                 _ => { non_mod_items.push(item); }
 708                         }
 709                 }
 710                 self.modules.insert(module, ASTModule { attrs, items: non_mod_items, submods });
 711         }
 712
 713         pub fn load_lib(lib: syn::File) -> Self {
 714                 assert_eq!(export_status(&lib.attrs), ExportStatus::Export);
 715                 let mut res = Self { modules: HashMap::default(), dependencies: HashSet::new() };
 716                 res.load_module("".to_owned(), lib.attrs, lib.items);
 717                 res
 718         }
 719 }
 720
 721 /// List of manually-generated types which are clonable
 722 fn initial_clonable_types() -> HashSet<String> {
 723         let mut res = HashSet::new();
 724         res.insert("crate::c_types::u5".to_owned());
 725         res.insert("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes".to_owned());
 726         res.insert("crate::c_types::SecretKey".to_owned());
 727         res.insert("crate::c_types::PublicKey".to_owned());
 728         res.insert("crate::c_types::Transaction".to_owned());
 729         res.insert("crate::c_types::TxOut".to_owned());
 730         res.insert("crate::c_types::Signature".to_owned());
 731         res.insert("crate::c_types::RecoverableSignature".to_owned());
 732         res.insert("crate::c_types::Secp256k1Error".to_owned());
 733         res.insert("crate::c_types::IOError".to_owned());
 734         res
 735 }
 736
 737 /// Top-level struct tracking everything which has been defined while walking the crate.
 738 pub struct CrateTypes<'a> {
 739         /// This may contain structs or enums, but only when either is mapped as
 740         /// struct X { inner: *mut originalX, .. }
 741         pub opaques: HashMap<String, (&'a syn::Ident, &'a syn::Generics)>,
 742         /// Enums which are mapped as C enums with conversion functions
 743         pub mirrored_enums: HashMap<String, &'a syn::ItemEnum>,
 744         /// Traits which are mapped as a pointer + jump table
 745         pub traits: HashMap<String, &'a syn::ItemTrait>,
 746         /// Aliases from paths to some other Type
 747         pub type_aliases: HashMap<String, syn::Type>,
 748         /// Value is an alias to Key (maybe with some generics)
 749         pub reverse_alias_map: HashMap<String, Vec<(syn::Path, syn::PathArguments)>>,
 750         /// Template continer types defined, map from mangled type name -> whether a destructor fn
 751         /// exists.
 752         ///
 753         /// This is used at the end of processing to make C++ wrapper classes
 754         pub templates_defined: RefCell<HashMap<String, bool, NonRandomHash>>,
 755         /// The output file for any created template container types, written to as we find new
 756         /// template containers which need to be defined.
 757         template_file: RefCell<&'a mut File>,
 758         /// Set of containers which are clonable
 759         clonable_types: RefCell<HashSet<String>>,
 760         /// Key impls Value
 761         pub trait_impls: HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
 762         /// The full set of modules in the crate(s)
 763         pub lib_ast: &'a FullLibraryAST,
 764 }
 765
 766 impl<'a> CrateTypes<'a> {
 767         pub fn new(template_file: &'a mut File, libast: &'a FullLibraryAST) -> Self {
 768                 CrateTypes {
 769                         opaques: HashMap::new(), mirrored_enums: HashMap::new(), traits: HashMap::new(),
 770                         type_aliases: HashMap::new(), reverse_alias_map: HashMap::new(),
 771                         templates_defined: RefCell::new(HashMap::default()),
 772                         clonable_types: RefCell::new(initial_clonable_types()), trait_impls: HashMap::new(),
 773                         template_file: RefCell::new(template_file), lib_ast: &libast,
 774                 }
 775         }
 776         pub fn set_clonable(&self, object: String) {
 777                 self.clonable_types.borrow_mut().insert(object);
 778         }
 779         pub fn is_clonable(&self, object: &str) -> bool {
 780                 self.clonable_types.borrow().contains(object)
 781         }
 782         pub fn write_new_template(&self, mangled_container: String, has_destructor: bool, created_container: &[u8]) {
 783                 self.template_file.borrow_mut().write(created_container).unwrap();
 784                 self.templates_defined.borrow_mut().insert(mangled_container, has_destructor);
 785         }
 786 }
 787
 788 /// A struct which tracks resolving rust types into C-mapped equivalents, exists for one specific
 789 /// module but contains a reference to the overall CrateTypes tracking.
 790 pub struct TypeResolver<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft: 'mod_lifetime> {
 791         pub module_path: &'mod_lifetime str,
 792         pub crate_types: &'mod_lifetime CrateTypes<'crate_lft>,
 793         types: ImportResolver<'mod_lifetime, 'crate_lft>,
 794 }
 795
 796 /// Returned by write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix to indicate what type of dereferencing needs to
 797 /// happen to get the inner value of a generic.
 798 enum EmptyValExpectedTy {
 799         /// A type which has a flag for being empty (eg an array where we treat all-0s as empty).
 800         NonPointer,
 801         /// A Option mapped as a COption_*Z
 802         OptionType,
 803         /// A pointer which we want to convert to a reference.
 804         ReferenceAsPointer,
 805 }
 806
 807 #[derive(PartialEq)]
 808 /// Describes the appropriate place to print a general type-conversion string when converting a
 809 /// container.
 810 enum ContainerPrefixLocation {
 811         /// Prints a general type-conversion string prefix and suffix outside of the
 812         /// container-conversion strings.
 813         OutsideConv,
 814         /// Prints a general type-conversion string prefix and suffix inside of the
 815         /// container-conversion strings.
 816         PerConv,
 817         /// Does not print the usual type-conversion string prefix and suffix.
 818         NoPrefix,
 819 }
 820
 821 impl<'a, 'c: 'a> TypeResolver<'a, 'c> {
 822         pub fn new(module_path: &'a str, types: ImportResolver<'a, 'c>, crate_types: &'a CrateTypes<'c>) -> Self {
 823                 Self { module_path, types, crate_types }
 824         }
 825
 826         // *************************************************
 827         // *** Well know type and conversion definitions ***
 828         // *************************************************
 829
 830         /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
 831         pub fn skip_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool {
 832                 full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Secp256k1" ||
 833                 full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signing" ||
 834                 full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Verification"
 835         }
 836         /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
 837         fn no_arg_path_to_rust(&self, full_path: &str) -> &str {
 838                 if full_path == "bitcoin::secp256k1::Secp256k1" {
 839                         "secp256k1::SECP256K1"
 840                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
 841         }
 842
 843         /// Returns true if the object is a primitive and is mapped as-is with no conversion
 844         /// whatsoever.
 845         pub fn is_primitive(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool {
 846                 match full_path {
 847                         "bool" => true,
 848                         "u64" => true,
 849                         "u32" => true,
 850                         "u16" => true,
 851                         "u8" => true,
 852                         "usize" => true,
 853                         _ => false,
 854                 }
 855         }
 856         pub fn is_clonable(&self, ty: &str) -> bool {
 857                 if self.crate_types.is_clonable(ty) { return true; }
 858                 if self.is_primitive(ty) { return true; }
 859                 match ty {
 860                         "()" => true,
 861                         _ => false,
 862                 }
 863         }
 864         /// Gets the C-mapped type for types which are outside of the crate, or which are manually
 865         /// ignored by for some reason need mapping anyway.
 866         fn c_type_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &'b str, is_ref: bool, _ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<&'b str> {
 867                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
 868                         return Some(full_path);
 869                 }
 870                 match full_path {
 871                         // Note that no !is_ref types can map to an array because Rust and C's call semantics
 872                         // for arrays are different (https://github.com/eqrion/cbindgen/issues/528)
 873
 874                         "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
 875                         "[u8; 20]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TwentyBytes"),
 876                         "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SixteenBytes"),
 877                         "[u8; 12]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TwelveBytes"),
 878                         "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::FourBytes"),
 879                         "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThreeBytes"), // Used for RGB values
 880
 881                         "str" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Str"),
 882                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" => Some("crate::c_types::Str"),
 883
 884                         "std::time::Duration"|"core::time::Duration" => Some("u64"),
 885                         "std::time::SystemTime" => Some("u64"),
 886                         "std::io::Error" => Some("crate::c_types::IOError"),
 887                         "core::fmt::Arguments" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Str"),
 888
 889                         "core::convert::Infallible" => Some("crate::c_types::NotConstructable"),
 890
 891                         "bitcoin::bech32::u5"|"bech32::u5" => Some("crate::c_types::u5"),
 892                         "core::num::NonZeroU8" => Some("u8"),
 893
 894                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
 895                                 => Some("crate::c_types::PublicKey"),
 896                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some("crate::c_types::Signature"),
 897                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::recovery::RecoverableSignature" => Some("crate::c_types::RecoverableSignature"),
 898                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
 899                                 if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
 900                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
 901                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SecretKey"),
 902                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error"|"secp256k1::Error"
 903                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Secp256k1Error"),
 904                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice"),
 905                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::derived::CVec_u8Z"),
 906                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" => Some("crate::lightning::chain::transaction::OutPoint"),
 907                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" => Some("crate::c_types::Transaction"),
 908                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TxOut"),
 909                         "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some("crate::bitcoin::network::Network"),
 910                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 80]"),
 911                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref  => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice"),
 912
 913                         "bitcoin::hash_types::PubkeyHash"|"bitcoin::hash_types::WPubkeyHash"|"bitcoin::hash_types::ScriptHash"
 914                                 if is_ref => Some("*const [u8; 20]"),
 915                         "bitcoin::hash_types::WScriptHash"
 916                                 if is_ref => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
 917
 918                         // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
 919                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
 920                                 if is_ref  => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
 921                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
 922                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
 923                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Message" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
 924                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
 925                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
 926                                 if is_ref => Some("*const [u8; 32]"),
 927                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
 928                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
 929                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes"),
 930
 931                         "lightning::io::Read" => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice"),
 932
 933                         _ => None,
 934                 }
 935         }
 936
 937         fn from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path<'b>(&self, _full_path: &str, _is_ref: bool) -> Option<(&'b str, &'b str)> {
 938                 None
 939         }
 940         fn from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
 941                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
 942                         return Some("".to_owned());
 943                 }
 944                 match full_path {
 945                         "Vec" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
 946                         "Result" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
 947                         "Option" if is_ref => Some("&local_"),
 948                         "Option" => Some("local_"),
 949
 950                         "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some("unsafe { &*"),
 951                         "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 952                         "[u8; 20]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 953                         "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 954                         "[u8; 12]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 955                         "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 956                         "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 957
 958                         "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(""),
 959                         "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(""),
 960
 961                         "str" if is_ref => Some(""),
 962                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" => Some(""),
 963                         "std::io::Error" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 964                         // Note that we'll panic for String if is_ref, as we only have non-owned memory, we
 965                         // cannot create a &String.
 966
 967                         "core::convert::Infallible" => Some("panic!(\"You must never construct a NotConstructable! : "),
 968
 969                         "std::time::Duration"|"core::time::Duration" => Some("core::time::Duration::from_secs("),
 970                         "std::time::SystemTime" => Some("(::std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs("),
 971
 972                         "bitcoin::bech32::u5"|"bech32::u5" => Some(""),
 973                         "core::num::NonZeroU8" => Some("core::num::NonZeroU8::new("),
 974
 975                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
 976                                 if is_ref => Some("&"),
 977                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
 978                                 => Some(""),
 979                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" if is_ref => Some("&"),
 980                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(""),
 981                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::recovery::RecoverableSignature" => Some(""),
 982                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
 983                                 if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey::from_slice(&unsafe { *"),
 984                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
 985                                 if !is_ref => Some(""),
 986                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script::from(Vec::from("),
 987                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some("::bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script::from("),
 988                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" if is_ref => Some("&"),
 989                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" => Some(""),
 990                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" => Some("crate::c_types::C_to_bitcoin_outpoint("),
 991                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(""),
 992                         "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some(""),
 993                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" => Some("&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize(unsafe { &*"),
 994                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize("),
 995
 996                         "bitcoin::hash_types::PubkeyHash" if is_ref =>
 997                                 Some("&bitcoin::hash_types::PubkeyHash::from_hash(bitcoin::hashes::Hash::from_inner(unsafe { *"),
 998                         "bitcoin::hash_types::WPubkeyHash" if is_ref =>
 999                                 Some("&bitcoin::hash_types::WPubkeyHash::from_hash(bitcoin::hashes::Hash::from_inner(unsafe { *"),
1000                         "bitcoin::hash_types::ScriptHash" if is_ref =>
1001                                 Some("&bitcoin::hash_types::ScriptHash::from_hash(bitcoin::hashes::Hash::from_inner(unsafe { *"),
1002                         "bitcoin::hash_types::WScriptHash" if is_ref =>
1003                                 Some("&bitcoin::hash_types::WScriptHash::from_hash(bitcoin::hashes::Hash::from_inner(unsafe { *"),
1004
1005                         // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
1006                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some("&::bitcoin::hash_types::Txid::from_slice(&unsafe { &*"),
1007                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some("::bitcoin::hash_types::Txid::from_slice(&"),
1008                         "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" => Some("::bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash::from_slice(&"),
1009                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::PaymentHash("),
1010                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash" if is_ref => Some("&::lightning::ln::PaymentHash(unsafe { *"),
1011                         "lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage("),
1012                         "lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage" if is_ref => Some("&::lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage(unsafe { *"),
1013                         "lightning::ln::PaymentSecret" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::PaymentSecret("),
1014                         "lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId("),
1015                         "lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId" if is_ref=> Some("&::lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId( unsafe { *"),
1016                         "lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial" if !is_ref => Some("::lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial("),
1017                         "lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial" if is_ref=> Some("&::lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial( unsafe { *"),
1018
1019                         // List of traits we map (possibly during processing of other files):
1020                         "lightning::io::Read" => Some("&mut "),
1021
1022                         _ => None,
1023                 }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
1024         }
1025         fn from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
1026                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
1027                         return Some("".to_owned());
1028                 }
1029                 match full_path {
1030                         "Vec" if !is_ref => Some(""),
1031                         "Option" => Some(""),
1032                         "Result" if !is_ref => Some(""),
1033
1034                         "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some("}"),
1035                         "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1036                         "[u8; 20]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1037                         "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1038                         "[u8; 12]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1039                         "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1040                         "[u8; 3]" if !is_ref => Some(".data"),
1041
1042                         "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()"),
1043                         "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()"),
1044
1045                         "str" if is_ref => Some(".into_str()"),
1046                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" => Some(".into_string()"),
1047                         "std::io::Error" if !is_ref => Some(".to_rust()"),
1048
1049                         "core::convert::Infallible" => Some("\")"),
1050
1051                         "std::time::Duration"|"core::time::Duration" => Some(")"),
1052                         "std::time::SystemTime" => Some("))"),
1053
1054                         "bitcoin::bech32::u5"|"bech32::u5" => Some(".into()"),
1055                         "core::num::NonZeroU8" => Some(").expect(\"Value must be non-zero\")"),
1056
1057                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
1058                                 => Some(".into_rust()"),
1059                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(".into_rust()"),
1060                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::recovery::RecoverableSignature" => Some(".into_rust()"),
1061                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1062                                 if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust()"),
1063                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1064                                 if is_ref => Some("}[..]).unwrap()"),
1065                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some(".to_slice()))"),
1066                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust())"),
1067                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" => Some(".into_bitcoin()"),
1068                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" => Some(")"),
1069                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(".into_rust()"),
1070                         "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some(".into_bitcoin()"),
1071                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" => Some(" }).unwrap()"),
1072                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" => Some(".to_slice()).unwrap()"),
1073
1074                         "bitcoin::hash_types::PubkeyHash"|"bitcoin::hash_types::WPubkeyHash"|
1075                         "bitcoin::hash_types::ScriptHash"|"bitcoin::hash_types::WScriptHash"
1076                                 if is_ref => Some(" }.clone()))"),
1077
1078                         // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
1079                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if is_ref => Some(" }[..]).unwrap()"),
1080                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" => Some(".data[..]).unwrap()"),
1081                         "bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash" if !is_ref => Some(".data[..]).unwrap()"),
1082                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1083                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1084                                 if !is_ref => Some(".data)"),
1085                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1086                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1087                                 if is_ref => Some(" })"),
1088
1089                         // List of traits we map (possibly during processing of other files):
1090                         "lightning::io::Read" => Some(".to_reader()"),
1091
1092                         _ => None,
1093                 }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
1094         }
1095
1096         fn to_c_conversion_new_var_from_path<'b>(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> Option<(&'b str, &'b str)> {
1097                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
1098                         return None;
1099                 }
1100                 match full_path {
1101                         "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(", ")")),
1102                         "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(("crate::c_types::usizeslice::from_slice(", ")")),
1103
1104                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some(("{ let mut s = [0u8; 80]; s[..].copy_from_slice(&::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(", ")); s }")),
1105                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some(("::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(", ")")),
1106                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" => None,
1107
1108                         _ => None,
1109                 }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
1110         }
1111         fn to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, _ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
1112                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
1113                         return Some("".to_owned());
1114                 }
1115                 match full_path {
1116                         "Result" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
1117                         "Vec" if !is_ref => Some("local_"),
1118                         "Option" => Some("local_"),
1119
1120                         "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
1121                         "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1122                         "[u8; 20]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TwentyBytes { data: "),
1123                         "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SixteenBytes { data: "),
1124                         "[u8; 12]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TwelveBytes { data: "),
1125                         "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::FourBytes { data: "),
1126                         "[u8; 3]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1127
1128                         "[u8]" if is_ref => Some("local_"),
1129                         "[usize]" if is_ref => Some("local_"),
1130
1131                         "str" if is_ref => Some(""),
1132                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" => Some(""),
1133
1134                         "std::time::Duration"|"core::time::Duration" => Some(""),
1135                         "std::time::SystemTime" => Some(""),
1136                         "std::io::Error" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::IOError::from_rust("),
1137                         "core::fmt::Arguments" => Some("alloc::format!(\"{}\", "),
1138
1139                         "core::convert::Infallible" => Some("panic!(\"Cannot construct an Infallible: "),
1140
1141                         "bitcoin::bech32::u5"|"bech32::u5" => Some(""),
1142
1143                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
1144                                 => Some("crate::c_types::PublicKey::from_rust(&"),
1145                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some("crate::c_types::Signature::from_rust(&"),
1146                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::recovery::RecoverableSignature" => Some("crate::c_types::RecoverableSignature::from_rust(&"),
1147                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1148                                 if is_ref => Some(""),
1149                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1150                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::SecretKey::from_rust("),
1151                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error"|"secp256k1::Error"
1152                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Secp256k1Error::from_rust("),
1153                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(&"),
1154                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(""),
1155                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::Transaction::from_bitcoin("),
1156                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" => Some("crate::c_types::Transaction::from_bitcoin(&"),
1157                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" => Some("crate::c_types::bitcoin_to_C_outpoint("),
1158                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::TxOut::from_rust("),
1159                         "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some("crate::bitcoin::network::Network::from_bitcoin("),
1160                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some("&local_"),
1161                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_slice(&local_"),
1162
1163                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
1164
1165                         // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
1166                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
1167                                 if is_ref => Some(""),
1168                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
1169                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
1170                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Message" if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
1171                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1172                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1173                                 if is_ref => Some("&"),
1174                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1175                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1176                                 if !is_ref => Some("crate::c_types::ThirtyTwoBytes { data: "),
1177
1178                         "lightning::io::Read" => Some("crate::c_types::u8slice::from_vec(&crate::c_types::reader_to_vec("),
1179
1180                         _ => None,
1181                 }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
1182         }
1183         fn to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, _ptr_for_ref: bool) -> Option<String> {
1184                 if self.is_primitive(full_path) {
1185                         return Some("".to_owned());
1186                 }
1187                 match full_path {
1188                         "Result" if !is_ref => Some(""),
1189                         "Vec" if !is_ref => Some(".into()"),
1190                         "Option" => Some(""),
1191
1192                         "[u8; 32]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
1193                         "[u8; 32]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1194                         "[u8; 20]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
1195                         "[u8; 16]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
1196                         "[u8; 12]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
1197                         "[u8; 4]" if !is_ref => Some(" }"),
1198                         "[u8; 3]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1199
1200                         "[u8]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1201                         "[usize]" if is_ref => Some(""),
1202
1203                         "str" if is_ref => Some(".into()"),
1204                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" if is_ref => Some(".as_str().into()"),
1205                         "alloc::string::String"|"String" => Some(".into()"),
1206
1207                         "std::time::Duration"|"core::time::Duration" => Some(".as_secs()"),
1208                         "std::time::SystemTime" => Some(".duration_since(::std::time::SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH).expect(\"Times must be post-1970\").as_secs()"),
1209                         "std::io::Error" if !is_ref => Some(")"),
1210                         "core::fmt::Arguments" => Some(").into()"),
1211
1212                         "core::convert::Infallible" => Some("\")"),
1213
1214                         "bitcoin::bech32::u5"|"bech32::u5" => Some(".into()"),
1215
1216                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey"|"secp256k1::key::PublicKey"
1217                                 => Some(")"),
1218                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(")"),
1219                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::recovery::RecoverableSignature" => Some(")"),
1220                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1221                                 if !is_ref => Some(")"),
1222                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::key::SecretKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey"
1223                                 if is_ref => Some(".as_ref()"),
1224                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Error"|"secp256k1::Error"
1225                                 if !is_ref => Some(")"),
1226                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if is_ref => Some("[..])"),
1227                         "bitcoin::blockdata::script::Script" if !is_ref => Some(".into_bytes().into()"),
1228                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::Transaction"|"bitcoin::Transaction" => Some(")"),
1229                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint" => Some(")"),
1230                         "bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut" if !is_ref => Some(")"),
1231                         "bitcoin::network::constants::Network" => Some(")"),
1232                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::BlockHeader" if is_ref => Some(""),
1233                         "bitcoin::blockdata::block::Block" if is_ref => Some(")"),
1234
1235                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid" if !is_ref => Some(".into_inner() }"),
1236
1237                         // Newtypes that we just expose in their original form.
1238                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
1239                                 if is_ref => Some(".as_inner()"),
1240                         "bitcoin::hash_types::Txid"|"bitcoin::hash_types::BlockHash"|"bitcoin_hashes::sha256::Hash"
1241                                 if !is_ref => Some(".into_inner() }"),
1242                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Message" if !is_ref => Some(".as_ref().clone() }"),
1243                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1244                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1245                                 if is_ref => Some(".0"),
1246                         "lightning::ln::PaymentHash"|"lightning::ln::PaymentPreimage"|"lightning::ln::PaymentSecret"
1247                         |"lightning::ln::channelmanager::PaymentId"|"lightning::chain::keysinterface::KeyMaterial"
1248                                 if !is_ref => Some(".0 }"),
1249
1250                         "lightning::io::Read" => Some("))"),
1251
1252                         _ => None,
1253                 }.map(|s| s.to_owned())
1254         }
1255
1256         fn empty_val_check_suffix_from_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> Option<&str> {
1257                 match full_path {
1258                         "lightning::ln::PaymentSecret" => Some(".data == [0; 32]"),
1259                         "secp256k1::key::PublicKey"|"bitcoin::secp256k1::key::PublicKey" => Some(".is_null()"),
1260                         "bitcoin::secp256k1::Signature" => Some(".is_null()"),
1261                         _ => None
1262                 }
1263         }
1264
1265         /// When printing a reference to the source crate's rust type, if we need to map it to a
1266         /// different "real" type, it can be done so here.
1267         /// This is useful to work around limitations in the binding type resolver, where we reference
1268         /// a non-public `use` alias.
1269         /// TODO: We should never need to use this!
1270         fn real_rust_type_mapping<'equiv>(&self, thing: &'equiv str) -> &'equiv str {
1271                 match thing {
1272                         "lightning::io::Read" => "crate::c_types::io::Read",
1273                         _ => thing,
1274                 }
1275         }
1276
1277         // ****************************
1278         // *** Container Processing ***
1279         // ****************************
1280
1281         /// Returns the module path in the generated mapping crate to the containers which we generate
1282         /// when writing to CrateTypes::template_file.
1283         pub fn generated_container_path() -> &'static str {
1284                 "crate::c_types::derived"
1285         }
1286         /// Returns the module path in the generated mapping crate to the container templates, which
1287         /// are then concretized and put in the generated container path/template_file.
1288         fn container_templ_path() -> &'static str {
1289                 "crate::c_types"
1290         }
1291
1292         /// Returns true if the path containing the given args is a "transparent" container, ie an
1293         /// Option or a container which does not require a generated continer class.
1294         fn is_transparent_container<'i, I: Iterator<Item=&'i syn::Type>>(&self, full_path: &str, _is_ref: bool, mut args: I, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
1295                 if full_path == "Option" {
1296                         let inner = args.next().unwrap();
1297                         assert!(args.next().is_none());
1298                         match inner {
1299                                 syn::Type::Reference(_) => true,
1300                                 syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1301                                         if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1302                                                 if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1303                                                         if i.base10_digits().parse::<usize>().unwrap() >= 32 {
1304                                                                 let mut buf = Vec::new();
1305                                                                 self.write_rust_type(&mut buf, generics, &a.elem);
1306                                                                 let ty = String::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
1307                                                                 ty == "u8"
1308                                                         } else {
1309                                                                 // Blindly assume that if we're trying to create an empty value for an
1310                                                                 // array < 32 entries that all-0s may be a valid state.
1311                                                                 unimplemented!();
1312                                                         }
1313                                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1314                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1315                                 },
1316                                 syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1317                                         if let Some(resolved) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, generics) {
1318                                                 if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&resolved) { return true; }
1319                                                 if self.is_primitive(&resolved) { return false; }
1320                                                 if self.c_type_from_path(&resolved, false, false).is_some() { true } else { false }
1321                                         } else { true }
1322                                 },
1323                                 syn::Type::Tuple(_) => false,
1324                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
1325                         }
1326                 } else { false }
1327         }
1328         /// Returns true if the path is a "transparent" container, ie an Option or a container which does
1329         /// not require a generated continer class.
1330         pub fn is_path_transparent_container(&self, full_path: &syn::Path, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool) -> bool {
1331                 let inner_iter = match &full_path.segments.last().unwrap().arguments {
1332                         syn::PathArguments::None => return false,
1333                         syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) => args.args.iter().map(|arg| {
1334                                 if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ref ty) = arg {
1335                                         ty
1336                                 } else { unimplemented!() }
1337                         }),
1338                         syn::PathArguments::Parenthesized(_) => unimplemented!(),
1339                 };
1340                 self.is_transparent_container(&self.resolve_path(full_path, generics), is_ref, inner_iter, generics)
1341         }
1342         /// Returns true if this is a known, supported, non-transparent container.
1343         fn is_known_container(&self, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool) -> bool {
1344                 (full_path == "Result" && !is_ref) || (full_path == "Vec" && !is_ref) || full_path.ends_with("Tuple") || full_path == "Option"
1345         }
1346         fn to_c_conversion_container_new_var<'b>(&self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, single_contained: Option<&syn::Type>, var_name: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str)
1347                         // Returns prefix + Vec<(prefix, var-name-to-inline-convert)> + suffix
1348                         // expecting one element in the vec per generic type, each of which is inline-converted
1349                         -> Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str, ContainerPrefixLocation)> {
1350                 match full_path {
1351                         "Result" if !is_ref => {
1352                                 Some(("match ",
1353                                                 vec![(" { Ok(mut o) => crate::c_types::CResultTempl::ok(".to_string(), "o".to_string()),
1354                                                         (").into(), Err(mut e) => crate::c_types::CResultTempl::err(".to_string(), "e".to_string())],
1355                                                 ").into() }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1356                         },
1357                         "Vec" => {
1358                                 if is_ref {
1359                                         // We should only get here if the single contained has an inner
1360                                         assert!(self.c_type_has_inner(single_contained.unwrap()));
1361                                 }
1362                                 Some(("Vec::new(); for mut item in ", vec![(format!(".drain(..) {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1363                         },
1364                         "Slice" => {
1365                                 if let Some(syn::Type::Reference(_)) = single_contained {
1366                                         Some(("Vec::new(); for item in ", vec![(format!(".iter() {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "(*item)".to_string())], "); }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1367                                 } else {
1368                                         Some(("Vec::new(); for item in ", vec![(format!(".iter() {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1369                                 }
1370                         },
1371                         "Option" => {
1372                                 let contained_struct = if let Some(syn::Type::Path(p)) = single_contained {
1373                                         Some(self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
1374                                 } else if let Some(syn::Type::Reference(r)) = single_contained {
1375                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r.elem {
1376                                                 Some(self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
1377                                         } else { None }
1378                                 } else { None };
1379                                 if let Some(inner_path) = contained_struct {
1380                                         if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&inner_path) {
1381                                                 let is_inner_ref = if let Some(syn::Type::Reference(_)) = single_contained { true } else { false };
1382                                                 if is_ref {
1383                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1384                                                                 (".is_none() { core::ptr::null() } else { ObjOps::nonnull_ptr_to_inner(".to_owned(),
1385                                                                         format!("({}{}.unwrap())", var_access, if is_inner_ref { "" } else { ".as_ref()" }))
1386                                                                 ], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::OutsideConv));
1387                                                 } else {
1388                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1389                                                                 (".is_none() { core::ptr::null_mut() } else { ".to_owned(), format!("({}.unwrap())", var_access))
1390                                                                 ], " }", ContainerPrefixLocation::OutsideConv));
1391                                                 }
1392                                         } else if self.is_primitive(&inner_path) || self.c_type_from_path(&inner_path, false, false).is_none() {
1393                                                 let inner_name = self.get_c_mangled_container_type(vec![single_contained.unwrap()], generics, "Option").unwrap();
1394                                                 return Some(("if ", vec![
1395                                                         (format!(".is_none() {{ {}::None }} else {{ {}::Some(",
1396                                                                 inner_name, inner_name),
1397                                                          format!("{}.unwrap()", var_access))
1398                                                         ], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv));
1399                                         } else {
1400                                                 // If c_type_from_path is some (ie there's a manual mapping for the inner
1401                                                 // type), lean on write_empty_rust_val, below.
1402                                         }
1403                                 }
1404                                 if let Some(t) = single_contained {
1405                                         if let syn::Type::Tuple(syn::TypeTuple { elems, .. }) = t {
1406                                                 assert!(elems.is_empty());
1407                                                 let inner_name = self.get_c_mangled_container_type(vec![single_contained.unwrap()], generics, "Option").unwrap();
1408                                                 return Some(("if ", vec![
1409                                                         (format!(".is_none() {{ {}::None }} else {{ {}::Some /*",
1410                                                                 inner_name, inner_name), format!(""))
1411                                                         ], " */}", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv));
1412                                         }
1413                                         if let syn::Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference { elem, .. }) = t {
1414                                                 if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &**elem {
1415                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1416                                                                         (".is_none() { SmartPtr::null() } else { SmartPtr::from_obj(".to_string(),
1417                                                                          format!("({}.unwrap())", var_access))
1418                                                                 ], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv));
1419                                                 }
1420                                         }
1421                                         let mut v = Vec::new();
1422                                         self.write_empty_rust_val(generics, &mut v, t);
1423                                         let s = String::from_utf8(v).unwrap();
1424                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1425                                                 (format!(".is_none() {{ {} }} else {{ ", s), format!("({}.unwrap())", var_access))
1426                                                 ], " }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv));
1427                                 } else { unreachable!(); }
1428                         },
1429                         _ => None,
1430                 }
1431         }
1432
1433         /// only_contained_has_inner implies that there is only one contained element in the container
1434         /// and it has an inner field (ie is an "opaque" type we've defined).
1435         fn from_c_conversion_container_new_var<'b>(&self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, full_path: &str, is_ref: bool, single_contained: Option<&syn::Type>, var_name: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str)
1436                         // Returns prefix + Vec<(prefix, var-name-to-inline-convert)> + suffix
1437                         // expecting one element in the vec per generic type, each of which is inline-converted
1438                         -> Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str, ContainerPrefixLocation)> {
1439                 match full_path {
1440                         "Result" if !is_ref => {
1441                                 Some(("match ",
1442                                                 vec![(".result_ok { true => Ok(".to_string(), format!("(*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw(<*mut _>::take_ptr(&mut {}.contents.result)) }})", var_access)),
1443                                                      ("), false => Err(".to_string(), format!("(*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw(<*mut _>::take_ptr(&mut {}.contents.err)) }})", var_access))],
1444                                                 ")}", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1445                         },
1446                         "Slice" if is_ref => {
1447                                 Some(("Vec::new(); for mut item in ", vec![(format!(".as_slice().iter() {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1448                         },
1449                         "Vec"|"Slice" => {
1450                                 Some(("Vec::new(); for mut item in ", vec![(format!(".into_rust().drain(..) {{ local_{}.push(", var_name), "item".to_string())], "); }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1451                         },
1452                         "Option" => {
1453                                 if let Some(syn::Type::Path(p)) = single_contained {
1454                                         let inner_path = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
1455                                         if self.is_primitive(&inner_path) {
1456                                                 return Some(("if ", vec![(".is_some() { Some(".to_string(), format!("{}.take()", var_access))], ") } else { None }", ContainerPrefixLocation::NoPrefix))
1457                                         } else if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&inner_path) {
1458                                                 if is_ref {
1459                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![(".inner.is_null() { None } else { Some((*".to_string(), format!("{}", var_access))], ").clone()) }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1460                                                 } else {
1461                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![(".inner.is_null() { None } else { Some(".to_string(), format!("{}", var_access))], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv));
1462                                                 }
1463                                         }
1464                                 }
1465
1466                                 if let Some(t) = single_contained {
1467                                         match t {
1468                                                 syn::Type::Reference(_)|syn::Type::Path(_)|syn::Type::Slice(_) => {
1469                                                         let mut v = Vec::new();
1470                                                         let ret_ref = self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(generics, &mut v, t);
1471                                                         let s = String::from_utf8(v).unwrap();
1472                                                         match ret_ref {
1473                                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::ReferenceAsPointer =>
1474                                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1475                                                                                 (format!("{} {{ None }} else {{ Some(", s), format!("unsafe {{ &mut *{} }}", var_access))
1476                                                                         ], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::NoPrefix)),
1477                                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::OptionType =>
1478                                                                         return Some(("{ /* ", vec![
1479                                                                                 (format!("*/ let {}_opt = {};", var_name, var_access),
1480                                                                                 format!("}} if {}_opt{} {{ None }} else {{ Some({{ {}_opt.take()", var_name, s, var_name))
1481                                                                         ], ") } }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv)),
1482                                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::NonPointer =>
1483                                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![
1484                                                                                 (format!("{} {{ None }} else {{ Some(", s), format!("{}", var_access))
1485                                                                         ], ") }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv)),
1486                                                         }
1487                                                 },
1488                                                 syn::Type::Tuple(_) => {
1489                                                         return Some(("if ", vec![(".is_some() { Some(".to_string(), format!("{}.take()", var_access))], ") } else { None }", ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv))
1490                                                 },
1491                                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
1492                                         }
1493                                 } else { unreachable!(); }
1494                         },
1495                         _ => None,
1496                 }
1497         }
1498
1499         /// Constructs a reference to the given type, possibly tweaking the type if relevant to make it
1500         /// convertable to C.
1501         pub fn create_ownable_reference(&self, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> Option<syn::Type> {
1502                 let default_value = Some(syn::Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference {
1503                         and_token: syn::Token!(&)(Span::call_site()), lifetime: None, mutability: None,
1504                         elem: Box::new(t.clone()) }));
1505                 match generics.resolve_type(t) {
1506                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1507                                 if let Some(resolved_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, generics) {
1508                                         if resolved_path != "Vec" { return default_value; }
1509                                         if p.path.segments.len() != 1 { unimplemented!(); }
1510                                         let only_seg = p.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap();
1511                                         if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &only_seg.arguments {
1512                                                 if args.args.len() != 1 { unimplemented!(); }
1513                                                 let inner_arg = args.args.iter().next().unwrap();
1514                                                 if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ty) = &inner_arg {
1515                                                         let mut can_create = self.c_type_has_inner(&ty);
1516                                                         if let syn::Type::Path(inner) = ty {
1517                                                                 if inner.path.segments.len() == 1 &&
1518                                                                                 format!("{}", inner.path.segments[0].ident) == "Vec" {
1519                                                                         can_create = true;
1520                                                                 }
1521                                                         }
1522                                                         if !can_create { return default_value; }
1523                                                         if let Some(inner_ty) = self.create_ownable_reference(&ty, generics) {
1524                                                                 return Some(syn::Type::Reference(syn::TypeReference {
1525                                                                         and_token: syn::Token![&](Span::call_site()),
1526                                                                         lifetime: None,
1527                                                                         mutability: None,
1528                                                                         elem: Box::new(syn::Type::Slice(syn::TypeSlice {
1529                                                                                 bracket_token: syn::token::Bracket { span: Span::call_site() },
1530                                                                                 elem: Box::new(inner_ty)
1531                                                                         }))
1532                                                                 }));
1533                                                         } else { return default_value; }
1534                                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1535                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1536                                 } else { return None; }
1537                         },
1538                         _ => default_value,
1539                 }
1540         }
1541
1542         // *************************************************
1543         // *** Type definition during main.rs processing ***
1544         // *************************************************
1545
1546         pub fn get_declared_type(&'a self, ident: &syn::Ident) -> Option<&'a DeclType<'c>> {
1547                 self.types.get_declared_type(ident)
1548         }
1549         /// Returns true if the object at the given path is mapped as X { inner: *mut origX, .. }.
1550         pub fn c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self, full_path: &str) -> bool {
1551                 self.crate_types.opaques.get(full_path).is_some()
1552         }
1553
1554         /// Returns true if the object at the given path is mapped as X { inner: *mut origX, .. }.
1555         pub fn c_type_has_inner(&self, ty: &syn::Type) -> bool {
1556                 match ty {
1557                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1558                                 if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, None) {
1559                                         self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&full_path)
1560                                 } else { false }
1561                         },
1562                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1563                                 self.c_type_has_inner(&*r.elem)
1564                         },
1565                         _ => false,
1566                 }
1567         }
1568
1569         pub fn maybe_resolve_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
1570                 self.types.maybe_resolve_ident(id)
1571         }
1572
1573         pub fn maybe_resolve_non_ignored_ident(&self, id: &syn::Ident) -> Option<String> {
1574                 self.types.maybe_resolve_non_ignored_ident(id)
1575         }
1576
1577         pub fn maybe_resolve_path(&self, p_arg: &syn::Path, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> Option<String> {
1578                 self.types.maybe_resolve_path(p_arg, generics)
1579         }
1580         pub fn resolve_path(&self, p: &syn::Path, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> String {
1581                 self.maybe_resolve_path(p, generics).unwrap()
1582         }
1583
1584         // ***********************************
1585         // *** Original Rust Type Printing ***
1586         // ***********************************
1587
1588         fn in_rust_prelude(resolved_path: &str) -> bool {
1589                 match resolved_path {
1590                         "Vec" => true,
1591                         "Result" => true,
1592                         "Option" => true,
1593                         _ => false,
1594                 }
1595         }
1596
1597         fn write_rust_path<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics_resolver: Option<&GenericTypes>, path: &syn::Path) {
1598                 if let Some(resolved) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&path, generics_resolver) {
1599                         if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
1600                                 write!(w, "{}", path.get_ident().unwrap()).unwrap();
1601                         } else {
1602                                 // TODO: We should have a generic "is from a dependency" check here instead of
1603                                 // checking for "bitcoin" explicitly.
1604                                 if resolved.starts_with("bitcoin::") || Self::in_rust_prelude(&resolved) {
1605                                         write!(w, "{}", resolved).unwrap();
1606                                 // If we're printing a generic argument, it needs to reference the crate, otherwise
1607                                 // the original crate:
1608                                 } else if self.maybe_resolve_path(&path, None).as_ref() == Some(&resolved) {
1609                                         write!(w, "{}", self.real_rust_type_mapping(&resolved)).unwrap();
1610                                 } else {
1611                                         write!(w, "crate::{}", resolved).unwrap();
1612                                 }
1613                         }
1614                         if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &path.segments.iter().last().unwrap().arguments {
1615                                 self.write_rust_generic_arg(w, generics_resolver, args.args.iter());
1616                         }
1617                 } else {
1618                         if path.leading_colon.is_some() {
1619                                 write!(w, "::").unwrap();
1620                         }
1621                         for (idx, seg) in path.segments.iter().enumerate() {
1622                                 if idx != 0 { write!(w, "::").unwrap(); }
1623                                 write!(w, "{}", seg.ident).unwrap();
1624                                 if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &seg.arguments {
1625                                         self.write_rust_generic_arg(w, generics_resolver, args.args.iter());
1626                                 }
1627                         }
1628                 }
1629         }
1630         pub fn write_rust_generic_param<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics_resolver: Option<&GenericTypes>, generics: impl Iterator<Item=&'b syn::GenericParam>) {
1631                 let mut had_params = false;
1632                 for (idx, arg) in generics.enumerate() {
1633                         if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); } else { write!(w, "<").unwrap(); }
1634                         had_params = true;
1635                         match arg {
1636                                 syn::GenericParam::Lifetime(lt) => write!(w, "'{}", lt.lifetime.ident).unwrap(),
1637                                 syn::GenericParam::Type(t) => {
1638                                         write!(w, "{}", t.ident).unwrap();
1639                                         if t.colon_token.is_some() { write!(w, ":").unwrap(); }
1640                                         for (idx, bound) in t.bounds.iter().enumerate() {
1641                                                 if idx != 0 { write!(w, " + ").unwrap(); }
1642                                                 match bound {
1643                                                         syn::TypeParamBound::Trait(tb) => {
1644                                                                 if tb.paren_token.is_some() || tb.lifetimes.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
1645                                                                 self.write_rust_path(w, generics_resolver, &tb.path);
1646                                                         },
1647                                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1648                                                 }
1649                                         }
1650                                         if t.eq_token.is_some() || t.default.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
1651                                 },
1652                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
1653                         }
1654                 }
1655                 if had_params { write!(w, ">").unwrap(); }
1656         }
1657
1658         pub fn write_rust_generic_arg<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics_resolver: Option<&GenericTypes>, generics: impl Iterator<Item=&'b syn::GenericArgument>) {
1659                 write!(w, "<").unwrap();
1660                 for (idx, arg) in generics.enumerate() {
1661                         if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
1662                         match arg {
1663                                 syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) => self.write_rust_type(w, generics_resolver, t),
1664                                 _ => unimplemented!(),
1665                         }
1666                 }
1667                 write!(w, ">").unwrap();
1668         }
1669         pub fn write_rust_type<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, t: &syn::Type) {
1670                 match t {
1671                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1672                                 if p.qself.is_some() {
1673                                         unimplemented!();
1674                                 }
1675                                 self.write_rust_path(w, generics, &p.path);
1676                         },
1677                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1678                                 write!(w, "&").unwrap();
1679                                 if let Some(lft) = &r.lifetime {
1680                                         write!(w, "'{} ", lft.ident).unwrap();
1681                                 }
1682                                 if r.mutability.is_some() {
1683                                         write!(w, "mut ").unwrap();
1684                                 }
1685                                 self.write_rust_type(w, generics, &*r.elem);
1686                         },
1687                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1688                                 write!(w, "[").unwrap();
1689                                 self.write_rust_type(w, generics, &a.elem);
1690                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1691                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1692                                                 write!(w, "; {}]", i).unwrap();
1693                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1694                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1695                         }
1696                         syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
1697                                 write!(w, "[").unwrap();
1698                                 self.write_rust_type(w, generics, &s.elem);
1699                                 write!(w, "]").unwrap();
1700                         },
1701                         syn::Type::Tuple(s) => {
1702                                 write!(w, "(").unwrap();
1703                                 for (idx, t) in s.elems.iter().enumerate() {
1704                                         if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
1705                                         self.write_rust_type(w, generics, &t);
1706                                 }
1707                                 write!(w, ")").unwrap();
1708                         },
1709                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1710                 }
1711         }
1712
1713         /// Prints a constructor for something which is "uninitialized" (but obviously not actually
1714         /// unint'd memory).
1715         pub fn write_empty_rust_val<W: std::io::Write>(&self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type) {
1716                 match t {
1717                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1718                                 self.write_empty_rust_val(generics, w, &*r.elem)
1719                         },
1720                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1721                                 let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
1722                                 if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() {
1723                                         write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: core::ptr::null_mut(), is_owned: true }}", resolved).unwrap();
1724                                 } else {
1725                                         // Assume its a manually-mapped C type, where we can just define an null() fn
1726                                         write!(w, "{}::null()", self.c_type_from_path(&resolved, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
1727                                 }
1728                         },
1729                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1730                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1731                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1732                                                 if i.base10_digits().parse::<usize>().unwrap() < 32 {
1733                                                         // Blindly assume that if we're trying to create an empty value for an
1734                                                         // array < 32 entries that all-0s may be a valid state.
1735                                                         unimplemented!();
1736                                                 }
1737                                                 let arrty = format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits());
1738                                                 write!(w, "{}", self.to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(&arrty, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
1739                                                 write!(w, "[0; {}]", i.base10_digits()).unwrap();
1740                                                 write!(w, "{}", self.to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(&arrty, false, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
1741                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1742                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1743                         }
1744                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1745                 }
1746         }
1747
1748         fn is_real_type_array(&self, resolved_type: &str) -> Option<syn::Type> {
1749                 if let Some(real_ty) = self.c_type_from_path(&resolved_type, true, false) {
1750                         if real_ty.ends_with("]") && real_ty.starts_with("*const [u8; ") {
1751                                 let mut split = real_ty.split("; ");
1752                                 split.next().unwrap();
1753                                 let tail_str = split.next().unwrap();
1754                                 assert!(split.next().is_none());
1755                                 let len = usize::from_str_radix(&tail_str[..tail_str.len() - 1], 10).unwrap();
1756                                 Some(parse_quote!([u8; #len]))
1757                         } else { None }
1758                 } else { None }
1759         }
1760
1761         /// Prints a suffix to determine if a variable is empty (ie was set by write_empty_rust_val).
1762         /// See EmptyValExpectedTy for information on return types.
1763         fn write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type) -> EmptyValExpectedTy {
1764                 match t {
1765                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1766                                 return self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(generics, w, &*r.elem);
1767                         },
1768                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1769                                 let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
1770                                 if let Some(arr_ty) = self.is_real_type_array(&resolved) {
1771                                         write!(w, ".data").unwrap();
1772                                         return self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(generics, w, &arr_ty);
1773                                 }
1774                                 if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() {
1775                                         write!(w, ".inner.is_null()").unwrap();
1776                                         EmptyValExpectedTy::NonPointer
1777                                 } else {
1778                                         if let Some(suffix) = self.empty_val_check_suffix_from_path(&resolved) {
1779                                                 write!(w, "{}", suffix).unwrap();
1780                                                 // We may eventually need to allow empty_val_check_suffix_from_path to specify if we need a deref or not
1781                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::NonPointer
1782                                         } else {
1783                                                 write!(w, ".is_none()").unwrap();
1784                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::OptionType
1785                                         }
1786                                 }
1787                         },
1788                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1789                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1790                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1791                                                 write!(w, " == [0; {}]", i.base10_digits()).unwrap();
1792                                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::NonPointer
1793                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1794                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1795                         },
1796                         syn::Type::Slice(_) => {
1797                                 // Option<[]> always implies that we want to treat len() == 0 differently from
1798                                 // None, so we always map an Option<[]> into a pointer.
1799                                 write!(w, " == core::ptr::null_mut()").unwrap();
1800                                 EmptyValExpectedTy::ReferenceAsPointer
1801                         },
1802                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1803                 }
1804         }
1805
1806         /// Prints a suffix to determine if a variable is empty (ie was set by write_empty_rust_val).
1807         pub fn write_empty_rust_val_check<W: std::io::Write>(&self, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, var_access: &str) {
1808                 match t {
1809                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1810                                 self.write_empty_rust_val_check(generics, w, &*r.elem, var_access);
1811                         },
1812                         syn::Type::Path(_) => {
1813                                 write!(w, "{}", var_access).unwrap();
1814                                 self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(generics, w, t);
1815                         },
1816                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1817                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1818                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1819                                                 let arrty = format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits());
1820                                                 // We don't (yet) support a new-var conversion here.
1821                                                 assert!(self.from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(&arrty, false).is_none());
1822                                                 write!(w, "{}{}{}",
1823                                                         self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(&arrty, false).unwrap(),
1824                                                         var_access,
1825                                                         self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(&arrty, false).unwrap()).unwrap();
1826                                                 self.write_empty_rust_val_check_suffix(generics, w, t);
1827                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1828                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1829                         }
1830                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1831                 }
1832         }
1833
1834         // ********************************
1835         // *** Type conversion printing ***
1836         // ********************************
1837
1838         /// Returns true we if can just skip passing this to C entirely
1839         pub fn skip_arg(&self, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
1840                 match t {
1841                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1842                                 if p.qself.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
1843                                 if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, generics) {
1844                                         self.skip_path(&full_path)
1845                                 } else { false }
1846                         },
1847                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1848                                 self.skip_arg(&*r.elem, generics)
1849                         },
1850                         _ => false,
1851                 }
1852         }
1853         pub fn no_arg_to_rust<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
1854                 match t {
1855                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1856                                 if p.qself.is_some() { unimplemented!(); }
1857                                 if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, generics) {
1858                                         write!(w, "{}", self.no_arg_path_to_rust(&full_path)).unwrap();
1859                                 }
1860                         },
1861                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1862                                 self.no_arg_to_rust(w, &*r.elem, generics);
1863                         },
1864                         _ => {},
1865                 }
1866         }
1867
1868         fn write_conversion_inline_intern<W: std::io::Write,
1869                         LP: Fn(&str, bool, bool) -> Option<String>, DL: Fn(&mut W, &DeclType, &str, bool, bool), SC: Fn(bool, Option<&str>) -> String>
1870                         (&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool,
1871                          tupleconv: &str, prefix: bool, sliceconv: SC, path_lookup: LP, decl_lookup: DL) {
1872                 match generics.resolve_type(t) {
1873                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
1874                                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, &*r.elem, generics, true, r.mutability.is_some(),
1875                                         ptr_for_ref, tupleconv, prefix, sliceconv, path_lookup, decl_lookup);
1876                         },
1877                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
1878                                 if p.qself.is_some() {
1879                                         unimplemented!();
1880                                 }
1881
1882                                 let resolved_path = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
1883                                 if let Some(aliased_type) = self.crate_types.type_aliases.get(&resolved_path) {
1884                                         return self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, aliased_type, None, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, tupleconv, prefix, sliceconv, path_lookup, decl_lookup);
1885                                 } else if self.is_primitive(&resolved_path) {
1886                                         if is_ref && prefix {
1887                                                 write!(w, "*").unwrap();
1888                                         }
1889                                 } else if let Some(c_type) = path_lookup(&resolved_path, is_ref, ptr_for_ref) {
1890                                         write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
1891                                 } else if let Some((_, generics)) = self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved_path) {
1892                                         decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::StructImported { generics: &generics }, &resolved_path, is_ref, is_mut);
1893                                 } else if self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&resolved_path).is_some() {
1894                                         decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::MirroredEnum, &resolved_path, is_ref, is_mut);
1895                                 } else if let Some(t) = self.crate_types.traits.get(&resolved_path) {
1896                                         decl_lookup(w, &DeclType::Trait(t), &resolved_path, is_ref, is_mut);
1897                                 } else if let Some(ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p.path) {
1898                                         if let Some(decl_type) = self.types.maybe_resolve_declared(ident) {
1899                                                 decl_lookup(w, decl_type, &self.maybe_resolve_ident(ident).unwrap(), is_ref, is_mut);
1900                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1901                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1902                         },
1903                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
1904                                 // We assume all arrays contain only [int_literal; X]s.
1905                                 // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
1906                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
1907                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
1908                                                 write!(w, "{}", path_lookup(&format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits()), is_ref, ptr_for_ref).unwrap()).unwrap();
1909                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1910                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1911                         },
1912                         syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
1913                                 // We assume all slices contain only literals or references.
1914                                 // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
1915                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
1916                                         let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
1917                                         if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
1918                                                 write!(w, "{}", path_lookup("[u8]", is_ref, ptr_for_ref).unwrap()).unwrap();
1919                                         } else {
1920                                                 write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(true, None)).unwrap();
1921                                         }
1922                                 } else if let syn::Type::Reference(r) = &*s.elem {
1923                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r.elem {
1924                                                 write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics)), None)).unwrap();
1925                                         } else if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*r.elem {
1926                                                 write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(false, None)).unwrap();
1927                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
1928                                 } else if let syn::Type::Tuple(t) = &*s.elem {
1929                                         assert!(!t.elems.is_empty());
1930                                         if prefix {
1931                                                 write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(false, None)).unwrap();
1932                                         } else {
1933                                                 let mut needs_map = false;
1934                                                 for e in t.elems.iter() {
1935                                                         if let syn::Type::Reference(_) = e {
1936                                                                 needs_map = true;
1937                                                         }
1938                                                 }
1939                                                 if needs_map {
1940                                                         let mut map_str = Vec::new();
1941                                                         write!(&mut map_str, ".map(|(").unwrap();
1942                                                         for i in 0..t.elems.len() {
1943                                                                 write!(&mut map_str, "{}{}", if i != 0 { ", " } else { "" }, ('a' as u8 + i as u8) as char).unwrap();
1944                                                         }
1945                                                         write!(&mut map_str, ")| (").unwrap();
1946                                                         for (idx, e) in t.elems.iter().enumerate() {
1947                                                                 if let syn::Type::Reference(_) = e {
1948                                                                         write!(&mut map_str, "{}{}", if idx != 0 { ", " } else { "" }, (idx as u8 + 'a' as u8) as char).unwrap();
1949                                                                 } else if let syn::Type::Path(_) = e {
1950                                                                         write!(&mut map_str, "{}*{}", if idx != 0 { ", " } else { "" }, (idx as u8 + 'a' as u8) as char).unwrap();
1951                                                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1952                                                         }
1953                                                         write!(&mut map_str, "))").unwrap();
1954                                                         write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(false, Some(&String::from_utf8(map_str).unwrap()))).unwrap();
1955                                                 } else {
1956                                                         write!(w, "{}", sliceconv(false, None)).unwrap();
1957                                                 }
1958                                         }
1959                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
1960                         },
1961                         syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
1962                                 if t.elems.is_empty() {
1963                                         // cbindgen has poor support for (), see, eg https://github.com/eqrion/cbindgen/issues/527
1964                                         // so work around it by just pretending its a 0u8
1965                                         write!(w, "{}", tupleconv).unwrap();
1966                                 } else {
1967                                         if prefix { write!(w, "local_").unwrap(); }
1968                                 }
1969                         },
1970                         _ => unimplemented!(),
1971                 }
1972         }
1973
1974         fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, from_ptr: bool) {
1975                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, ptr_for_ref, "() /*", true, |_, _| "local_".to_owned(),
1976                                 |a, b, c| self.to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_from_path(a, b, c),
1977                                 |w, decl_type, decl_path, is_ref, _is_mut| {
1978                                         match decl_type {
1979                                                 DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => write!(w, "crate::{}::from_native(", decl_path).unwrap(),
1980                                                 DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, "&crate::{}::from_native(", decl_path).unwrap(),
1981                                                 DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, "crate::{}::native_into(", decl_path).unwrap(),
1982                                                 DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_ref && from_ptr => {
1983                                                         if !ptr_for_ref { write!(w, "&").unwrap(); }
1984                                                         write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: unsafe {{ (", decl_path).unwrap()
1985                                                 },
1986                                                 DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_ref => {
1987                                                         if !ptr_for_ref { write!(w, "&").unwrap(); }
1988                                                         write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: unsafe {{ ObjOps::nonnull_ptr_to_inner((", decl_path).unwrap()
1989                                                 },
1990                                                 DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref && from_ptr =>
1991                                                         write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: ", decl_path).unwrap(),
1992                                                 DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref =>
1993                                                         write!(w, "crate::{} {{ inner: ObjOps::heap_alloc(", decl_path).unwrap(),
1994                                                 DeclType::Trait(_) if is_ref => write!(w, "").unwrap(),
1995                                                 DeclType::Trait(_) if !is_ref => write!(w, "Into::into(").unwrap(),
1996                                                 _ => panic!("{:?}", decl_path),
1997                                         }
1998                                 });
1999         }
2000         pub fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2001                 self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner(w, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, false);
2002         }
2003         fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, from_ptr: bool) {
2004                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, ptr_for_ref, "*/", false, |_, _| ".into()".to_owned(),
2005                                 |a, b, c| self.to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_from_path(a, b, c),
2006                                 |w, decl_type, full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
2007                                         DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, ")").unwrap(),
2008                                         DeclType::EnumIgnored { generics }|DeclType::StructImported { generics } if is_ref => {
2009                                                 write!(w, " as *const {}<", full_path).unwrap();
2010                                                 for param in generics.params.iter() {
2011                                                         if let syn::GenericParam::Lifetime(_) = param {
2012                                                                 write!(w, "'_, ").unwrap();
2013                                                         } else {
2014                                                                 write!(w, "_, ").unwrap();
2015                                                         }
2016                                                 }
2017                                                 if from_ptr {
2018                                                         write!(w, ">) as *mut _ }}, is_owned: false }}").unwrap();
2019                                                 } else {
2020                                                         write!(w, ">) as *mut _) }}, is_owned: false }}").unwrap();
2021                                                 }
2022                                         },
2023                                         DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref && from_ptr =>
2024                                                 write!(w, ", is_owned: true }}").unwrap(),
2025                                         DeclType::EnumIgnored {..}|DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref => write!(w, "), is_owned: true }}").unwrap(),
2026                                         DeclType::Trait(_) if is_ref => {},
2027                                         DeclType::Trait(_) => {
2028                                                 // This is used when we're converting a concrete Rust type into a C trait
2029                                                 // for use when a Rust trait method returns an associated type.
2030                                                 // Because all of our C traits implement From<RustTypesImplementingTraits>
2031                                                 // we can just call .into() here and be done.
2032                                                 write!(w, ")").unwrap()
2033                                         },
2034                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2035                                 });
2036         }
2037         pub fn write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2038                 self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner(w, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, false);
2039         }
2040
2041         fn write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, _ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2042                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, false, "() /*", true, |_, _| "&local_".to_owned(),
2043                                 |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(a, b),
2044                                 |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
2045                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_ref => write!(w, "").unwrap(),
2046                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref => write!(w, "*unsafe {{ Box::from_raw(").unwrap(),
2047                                         DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, "&").unwrap(),
2048                                         DeclType::MirroredEnum => {},
2049                                         DeclType::Trait(_) => {},
2050                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2051                                 });
2052         }
2053         pub fn write_from_c_conversion_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
2054                 self.write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner(w, t, generics, false, false);
2055         }
2056         fn write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2057                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, is_ref, false, false, "*/", false,
2058                                 |has_inner, map_str_opt| match (has_inner, map_str_opt) {
2059                                         (false, Some(map_str)) => format!(".iter(){}.collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]", map_str),
2060                                         (false, None) => ".iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]".to_owned(),
2061                                         (true, None) => "[..]".to_owned(),
2062                                         (true, Some(_)) => unreachable!(),
2063                                 },
2064                                 |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(a, b),
2065                                 |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, is_mut| match decl_type {
2066                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_ref && ptr_for_ref => write!(w, "XXX unimplemented").unwrap(),
2067                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_mut && is_ref => write!(w, ".get_native_mut_ref()").unwrap(),
2068                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if is_ref => write!(w, ".get_native_ref()").unwrap(),
2069                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref => write!(w, ".take_inner()) }}").unwrap(),
2070                                         DeclType::MirroredEnum if is_ref => write!(w, ".to_native()").unwrap(),
2071                                         DeclType::MirroredEnum => write!(w, ".into_native()").unwrap(),
2072                                         DeclType::Trait(_) => {},
2073                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2074                                 });
2075         }
2076         pub fn write_from_c_conversion_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
2077                 self.write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner(w, t, generics, false, false);
2078         }
2079         // Note that compared to the above conversion functions, the following two are generally
2080         // significantly undertested:
2081         pub fn write_from_c_conversion_to_ref_prefix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
2082                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, "() /*", true, |_, _| "&local_".to_owned(),
2083                                 |a, b, _c| {
2084                                         if let Some(conv) = self.from_c_conversion_prefix_from_path(a, b) {
2085                                                 Some(format!("&{}", conv))
2086                                         } else { None }
2087                                 },
2088                                 |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
2089                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref => write!(w, "").unwrap(),
2090                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2091                                 });
2092         }
2093         pub fn write_from_c_conversion_to_ref_suffix<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) {
2094                 self.write_conversion_inline_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, "*/", false,
2095                                 |has_inner, map_str_opt| match (has_inner, map_str_opt) {
2096                                         (false, Some(map_str)) => format!(".iter(){}.collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]", map_str),
2097                                         (false, None) => ".iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..]".to_owned(),
2098                                         (true, None) => "[..]".to_owned(),
2099                                         (true, Some(_)) => unreachable!(),
2100                                 },
2101                                 |a, b, _c| self.from_c_conversion_suffix_from_path(a, b),
2102                                 |w, decl_type, _full_path, is_ref, _is_mut| match decl_type {
2103                                         DeclType::StructImported {..} if !is_ref => write!(w, ".get_native_ref()").unwrap(),
2104                                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2105                                 });
2106         }
2107
2108         fn write_conversion_new_var_intern<'b, W: std::io::Write,
2109                 LP: Fn(&str, bool) -> Option<(&str, &str)>,
2110                 LC: Fn(&str, bool, Option<&syn::Type>, &syn::Ident, &str) ->  Option<(&'b str, Vec<(String, String)>, &'b str, ContainerPrefixLocation)>,
2111                 VP: Fn(&mut W, &syn::Type, Option<&GenericTypes>, bool, bool, bool),
2112                 VS: Fn(&mut W, &syn::Type, Option<&GenericTypes>, bool, bool, bool)>
2113                         (&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, var: &str, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>,
2114                          mut is_ref: bool, mut ptr_for_ref: bool, to_c: bool, from_ownable_ref: bool,
2115                          path_lookup: &LP, container_lookup: &LC, var_prefix: &VP, var_suffix: &VS) -> bool {
2116
2117                 macro_rules! convert_container {
2118                         ($container_type: expr, $args_len: expr, $args_iter: expr) => { {
2119                                 // For slices (and Options), we refuse to directly map them as is_ref when they
2120                                 // aren't opaque types containing an inner pointer. This is due to the fact that,
2121                                 // in both cases, the actual higher-level type is non-is_ref.
2122                                 let ty_has_inner = if $args_len == 1 {
2123                                         let ty = $args_iter().next().unwrap();
2124                                         if $container_type == "Slice" && to_c {
2125                                                 // "To C ptr_for_ref" means "return the regular object with is_owned
2126                                                 // set to false", which is totally what we want in a slice if we're about to
2127                                                 // set ty_has_inner.
2128                                                 ptr_for_ref = true;
2129                                         }
2130                                         if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = ty {
2131                                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*t.elem {
2132                                                         self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
2133                                                 } else { false }
2134                                         } else if let syn::Type::Path(p) = ty {
2135                                                 self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
2136                                         } else { false }
2137                                 } else { true };
2138
2139                                 // Options get a bunch of special handling, since in general we map Option<>al
2140                                 // types into the same C type as non-Option-wrapped types. This ends up being
2141                                 // pretty manual here and most of the below special-cases are for Options.
2142                                 let mut needs_ref_map = false;
2143                                 let mut only_contained_type = None;
2144                                 let mut only_contained_type_nonref = None;
2145                                 let mut only_contained_has_inner = false;
2146                                 let mut contains_slice = false;
2147                                 if $args_len == 1 {
2148                                         only_contained_has_inner = ty_has_inner;
2149                                         let arg = $args_iter().next().unwrap();
2150                                         if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = arg {
2151                                                 only_contained_type = Some(arg);
2152                                                 only_contained_type_nonref = Some(&*t.elem);
2153                                                 if let syn::Type::Path(_) = &*t.elem {
2154                                                         is_ref = true;
2155                                                 } else if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*t.elem {
2156                                                         contains_slice = true;
2157                                                 } else { return false; }
2158                                                 // If the inner element contains an inner pointer, we will just use that,
2159                                                 // avoiding the need to map elements to references. Otherwise we'll need to
2160                                                 // do an extra mapping step.
2161                                                 needs_ref_map = !only_contained_has_inner && $container_type == "Option";
2162                                         } else {
2163                                                 only_contained_type = Some(arg);
2164                                                 only_contained_type_nonref = Some(arg);
2165                                         }
2166                                 }
2167
2168                                 if let Some((prefix, conversions, suffix, prefix_location)) = container_lookup(&$container_type, is_ref && ty_has_inner, only_contained_type, ident, var) {
2169                                         assert_eq!(conversions.len(), $args_len);
2170                                         write!(w, "let mut local_{}{} = ", ident,
2171                                                 if (!to_c && needs_ref_map) || (to_c && $container_type == "Option" && contains_slice) {"_base"} else { "" }).unwrap();
2172                                         if prefix_location == ContainerPrefixLocation::OutsideConv {
2173                                                 var_prefix(w, $args_iter().next().unwrap(), generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, true);
2174                                         }
2175                                         write!(w, "{}{}", prefix, var).unwrap();
2176
2177                                         for ((pfx, var_name), (idx, ty)) in conversions.iter().zip($args_iter().enumerate()) {
2178                                                 let mut var = std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new());
2179                                                 write!(&mut var, "{}", var_name).unwrap();
2180                                                 let var_access = String::from_utf8(var.into_inner()).unwrap();
2181
2182                                                 let conv_ty = if needs_ref_map { only_contained_type_nonref.as_ref().unwrap() } else { ty };
2183
2184                                                 write!(w, "{} {{ ", pfx).unwrap();
2185                                                 let new_var_name = format!("{}_{}", ident, idx);
2186                                                 let new_var = self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, &format_ident!("{}", new_var_name),
2187                                                                 &var_access, conv_ty, generics, contains_slice || (is_ref && ty_has_inner), ptr_for_ref,
2188                                                                 to_c, from_ownable_ref, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix);
2189                                                 if new_var { write!(w, " ").unwrap(); }
2190
2191                                                 if prefix_location == ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv {
2192                                                         var_prefix(w, conv_ty, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
2193                                                 } else if !is_ref && !needs_ref_map && to_c && only_contained_has_inner {
2194                                                         write!(w, "ObjOps::heap_alloc(").unwrap();
2195                                                 }
2196
2197                                                 write!(w, "{}{}", if contains_slice && !to_c { "local_" } else { "" }, if new_var { new_var_name } else { var_access }).unwrap();
2198                                                 if prefix_location == ContainerPrefixLocation::PerConv {
2199                                                         var_suffix(w, conv_ty, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
2200                                                 } else if !is_ref && !needs_ref_map && to_c && only_contained_has_inner {
2201                                                         write!(w, ")").unwrap();
2202                                                 }
2203                                                 write!(w, " }}").unwrap();
2204                                         }
2205                                         write!(w, "{}", suffix).unwrap();
2206                                         if prefix_location == ContainerPrefixLocation::OutsideConv {
2207                                                 var_suffix(w, $args_iter().next().unwrap(), generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, true);
2208                                         }
2209                                         write!(w, ";").unwrap();
2210                                         if !to_c && needs_ref_map {
2211                                                 write!(w, " let mut local_{} = local_{}_base.as_ref()", ident, ident).unwrap();
2212                                                 if contains_slice {
2213                                                         write!(w, ".map(|a| &a[..])").unwrap();
2214                                                 }
2215                                                 write!(w, ";").unwrap();
2216                                         } else if to_c && $container_type == "Option" && contains_slice {
2217                                                 write!(w, " let mut local_{} = *local_{}_base;", ident, ident).unwrap();
2218                                         }
2219                                         return true;
2220                                 }
2221                         } }
2222                 }
2223
2224                 match generics.resolve_type(t) {
2225                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
2226                                 if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*r.elem {
2227                                         self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var, &*r.elem, generics, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, to_c, from_ownable_ref, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix)
2228                                 } else {
2229                                         self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var, &*r.elem, generics, true, ptr_for_ref, to_c, from_ownable_ref, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix)
2230                                 }
2231                         },
2232                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
2233                                 if p.qself.is_some() {
2234                                         unimplemented!();
2235                                 }
2236                                 let resolved_path = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
2237                                 if let Some(aliased_type) = self.crate_types.type_aliases.get(&resolved_path) {
2238                                         return self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var, aliased_type, None, is_ref, ptr_for_ref, to_c, from_ownable_ref, path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix);
2239                                 }
2240                                 if self.is_known_container(&resolved_path, is_ref) || self.is_path_transparent_container(&p.path, generics, is_ref) {
2241                                         if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &p.path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
2242                                                 convert_container!(resolved_path, args.args.len(), || args.args.iter().map(|arg| {
2243                                                         if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(ty) = arg {
2244                                                                 generics.resolve_type(ty)
2245                                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
2246                                                 }));
2247                                         } else { unimplemented!(); }
2248                                 }
2249                                 if self.is_primitive(&resolved_path) {
2250                                         false
2251                                 } else if let Some(ty_ident) = single_ident_generic_path_to_ident(&p.path) {
2252                                         if let Some((prefix, suffix)) = path_lookup(&resolved_path, is_ref) {
2253                                                 write!(w, "let mut local_{} = {}{}{};", ident, prefix, var, suffix).unwrap();
2254                                                 true
2255                                         } else if self.types.maybe_resolve_declared(ty_ident).is_some() {
2256                                                 false
2257                                         } else { false }
2258                                 } else { false }
2259                         },
2260                         syn::Type::Array(_) => {
2261                                 // We assume all arrays contain only primitive types.
2262                                 // This may result in some outputs not compiling.
2263                                 false
2264                         },
2265                         syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
2266                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
2267                                         let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
2268                                         if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
2269                                                 let slice_path = format!("[{}]", resolved);
2270                                                 if let Some((prefix, suffix)) = path_lookup(&slice_path, true) {
2271                                                         write!(w, "let mut local_{} = {}{}{};", ident, prefix, var, suffix).unwrap();
2272                                                         true
2273                                                 } else { false }
2274                                         } else {
2275                                                 let tyref = [&*s.elem];
2276                                                 if to_c {
2277                                                         // If we're converting from a slice to a Vec, assume we can clone the
2278                                                         // elements and clone them into a new Vec first. Next we'll walk the
2279                                                         // new Vec here and convert them to C types.
2280                                                         write!(w, "let mut local_{}_clone = Vec::new(); local_{}_clone.extend_from_slice({}); let mut {} = local_{}_clone; ", ident, ident, ident, ident, ident).unwrap();
2281                                                 }
2282                                                 is_ref = false;
2283                                                 convert_container!("Vec", 1, || tyref.iter().map(|t| generics.resolve_type(*t)));
2284                                                 unimplemented!("convert_container should return true as container_lookup should succeed for slices");
2285                                         }
2286                                 } else if let syn::Type::Reference(ty) = &*s.elem {
2287                                         let tyref = if from_ownable_ref || !to_c { [&*ty.elem] } else { [&*s.elem] };
2288                                         is_ref = true;
2289                                         convert_container!("Slice", 1, || tyref.iter().map(|t| generics.resolve_type(*t)));
2290                                         unimplemented!("convert_container should return true as container_lookup should succeed for slices");
2291                                 } else if let syn::Type::Tuple(t) = &*s.elem {
2292                                         // When mapping into a temporary new var, we need to own all the underlying objects.
2293                                         // Thus, we drop any references inside the tuple and convert with non-reference types.
2294                                         let mut elems = syn::punctuated::Punctuated::new();
2295                                         for elem in t.elems.iter() {
2296                                                 if let syn::Type::Reference(r) = elem {
2297                                                         elems.push((*r.elem).clone());
2298                                                 } else {
2299                                                         elems.push(elem.clone());
2300                                                 }
2301                                         }
2302                                         let ty = [syn::Type::Tuple(syn::TypeTuple {
2303                                                 paren_token: t.paren_token, elems
2304                                         })];
2305                                         is_ref = false;
2306                                         ptr_for_ref = true;
2307                                         convert_container!("Slice", 1, || ty.iter());
2308                                         unimplemented!("convert_container should return true as container_lookup should succeed for slices");
2309                                 } else { unimplemented!() }
2310                         },
2311                         syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
2312                                 if !t.elems.is_empty() {
2313                                         // We don't (yet) support tuple elements which cannot be converted inline
2314                                         write!(w, "let (").unwrap();
2315                                         for idx in 0..t.elems.len() {
2316                                                 if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
2317                                                 write!(w, "{} orig_{}_{}", if is_ref { "ref" } else { "mut" }, ident, idx).unwrap();
2318                                         }
2319                                         write!(w, ") = {}{}; ", var, if !to_c { ".to_rust()" } else { "" }).unwrap();
2320                                         // Like other template types, tuples are always mapped as their non-ref
2321                                         // versions for types which have different ref mappings. Thus, we convert to
2322                                         // non-ref versions and handle opaque types with inner pointers manually.
2323                                         for (idx, elem) in t.elems.iter().enumerate() {
2324                                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
2325                                                         let v_name = format!("orig_{}_{}", ident, idx);
2326                                                         let tuple_elem_ident = format_ident!("{}", &v_name);
2327                                                         if self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, &tuple_elem_ident, &v_name, elem, generics,
2328                                                                         false, ptr_for_ref, to_c, from_ownable_ref,
2329                                                                         path_lookup, container_lookup, var_prefix, var_suffix) {
2330                                                                 write!(w, " ").unwrap();
2331                                                                 // Opaque types with inner pointers shouldn't ever create new stack
2332                                                                 // variables, so we don't handle it and just assert that it doesn't
2333                                                                 // here.
2334                                                                 assert!(!self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics)));
2335                                                         }
2336                                                 }
2337                                         }
2338                                         write!(w, "let mut local_{} = (", ident).unwrap();
2339                                         for (idx, elem) in t.elems.iter().enumerate() {
2340                                                 let ty_has_inner = {
2341                                                                 if to_c {
2342                                                                         // "To C ptr_for_ref" means "return the regular object with
2343                                                                         // is_owned set to false", which is totally what we want
2344                                                                         // if we're about to set ty_has_inner.
2345                                                                         ptr_for_ref = true;
2346                                                                 }
2347                                                                 if let syn::Type::Reference(t) = elem {
2348                                                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*t.elem {
2349                                                                                 self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
2350                                                                         } else { false }
2351                                                                 } else if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
2352                                                                         self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics))
2353                                                                 } else { false }
2354                                                         };
2355                                                 if idx != 0 { write!(w, ", ").unwrap(); }
2356                                                 var_prefix(w, elem, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
2357                                                 if is_ref && ty_has_inner {
2358                                                         // For ty_has_inner, the regular var_prefix mapping will take a
2359                                                         // reference, so deref once here to make sure we keep the original ref.
2360                                                         write!(w, "*").unwrap();
2361                                                 }
2362                                                 write!(w, "orig_{}_{}", ident, idx).unwrap();
2363                                                 if is_ref && !ty_has_inner {
2364                                                         // If we don't have an inner variable's reference to maintain, just
2365                                                         // hope the type is Clonable and use that.
2366                                                         write!(w, ".clone()").unwrap();
2367                                                 }
2368                                                 var_suffix(w, elem, generics, is_ref && ty_has_inner, ptr_for_ref, false);
2369                                         }
2370                                         write!(w, "){};", if to_c { ".into()" } else { "" }).unwrap();
2371                                         true
2372                                 } else { false }
2373                         },
2374                         _ => unimplemented!(),
2375                 }
2376         }
2377
2378         pub fn write_to_c_conversion_new_var_inner<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, var_access: &str, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool, from_ownable_ref: bool) -> bool {
2379                 self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, var_access, t, generics, false, ptr_for_ref, true, from_ownable_ref,
2380                         &|a, b| self.to_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(a, b),
2381                         &|a, b, c, d, e| self.to_c_conversion_container_new_var(generics, a, b, c, d, e),
2382                         // We force ptr_for_ref here since we can't generate a ref on one line and use it later
2383                         &|a, b, c, d, e, f| self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_prefix_inner(a, b, c, d, e, f),
2384                         &|a, b, c, d, e, f| self.write_to_c_conversion_inline_suffix_inner(a, b, c, d, e, f))
2385         }
2386         pub fn write_to_c_conversion_new_var<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
2387                 self.write_to_c_conversion_new_var_inner(w, ident, &format!("{}", ident), t, generics, ptr_for_ref, false)
2388         }
2389         /// Prints new-var conversion for an "ownable_ref" type, ie prints conversion for
2390         /// `create_ownable_reference(t)`, not `t` itself.
2391         pub fn write_to_c_conversion_from_ownable_ref_new_var<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
2392                 self.write_to_c_conversion_new_var_inner(w, ident, &format!("{}", ident), t, generics, true, true)
2393         }
2394         pub fn write_from_c_conversion_new_var<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, ident: &syn::Ident, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
2395                 self.write_conversion_new_var_intern(w, ident, &format!("{}", ident), t, generics, false, false, false, false,
2396                         &|a, b| self.from_c_conversion_new_var_from_path(a, b),
2397                         &|a, b, c, d, e| self.from_c_conversion_container_new_var(generics, a, b, c, d, e),
2398                         // We force ptr_for_ref here since we can't generate a ref on one line and use it later
2399                         &|a, b, c, d, e, _f| self.write_from_c_conversion_prefix_inner(a, b, c, d, e),
2400                         &|a, b, c, d, e, _f| self.write_from_c_conversion_suffix_inner(a, b, c, d, e))
2401         }
2402
2403         // ******************************************************
2404         // *** C Container Type Equivalent and alias Printing ***
2405         // ******************************************************
2406
2407         fn write_template_generics<'b, W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, args: &mut dyn Iterator<Item=&'b syn::Type>, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool) -> bool {
2408                 for (idx, t) in args.enumerate() {
2409                         if idx != 0 {
2410                                 write!(w, ", ").unwrap();
2411                         }
2412                         if let syn::Type::Reference(r_arg) = t {
2413                                 assert!(!is_ref); // We don't currently support outer reference types for non-primitive inners
2414
2415                                 if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, &*r_arg.elem, generics, false, false, false, false) { return false; }
2416
2417                                 // While write_c_type_intern, above is correct, we don't want to blindly convert a
2418                                 // reference to something stupid, so check that the container is either opaque or a
2419                                 // predefined type (currently only Transaction).
2420                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*r_arg.elem {
2421                                         let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path, generics);
2422                                         assert!(self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved).is_some() ||
2423                                                         self.c_type_from_path(&resolved, true, true).is_some(), "Template generics should be opaque or have a predefined mapping");
2424                                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
2425                         } else if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = t {
2426                                 if let Some(resolved) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p_arg.path, generics) {
2427                                         if !self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
2428                                                 assert!(!is_ref); // We don't currently support outer reference types for non-primitive inners
2429                                         }
2430                                 } else {
2431                                         assert!(!is_ref); // We don't currently support outer reference types for non-primitive inners
2432                                 }
2433                                 if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, false) { return false; }
2434                         } else {
2435                                 // We don't currently support outer reference types for non-primitive inners,
2436                                 // except for the empty tuple.
2437                                 if let syn::Type::Tuple(t_arg) = t {
2438                                         assert!(t_arg.elems.len() == 0 || !is_ref);
2439                                 } else {
2440                                         assert!(!is_ref);
2441                                 }
2442                                 if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, false, false) { return false; }
2443                         }
2444                 }
2445                 true
2446         }
2447         fn check_create_container(&self, mangled_container: String, container_type: &str, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool) -> bool {
2448                 if !self.crate_types.templates_defined.borrow().get(&mangled_container).is_some() {
2449                         let mut created_container: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2450
2451                         if container_type == "Result" {
2452                                 let mut a_ty: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2453                                 if let syn::Type::Tuple(tup) = args.iter().next().unwrap() {
2454                                         if tup.elems.is_empty() {
2455                                                 write!(&mut a_ty, "()").unwrap();
2456                                         } else {
2457                                                 if !self.write_template_generics(&mut a_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t).take(1), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2458                                         }
2459                                 } else {
2460                                         if !self.write_template_generics(&mut a_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t).take(1), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2461                                 }
2462
2463                                 let mut b_ty: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2464                                 if let syn::Type::Tuple(tup) = args.iter().skip(1).next().unwrap() {
2465                                         if tup.elems.is_empty() {
2466                                                 write!(&mut b_ty, "()").unwrap();
2467                                         } else {
2468                                                 if !self.write_template_generics(&mut b_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t).skip(1), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2469                                         }
2470                                 } else {
2471                                         if !self.write_template_generics(&mut b_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t).skip(1), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2472                                 }
2473
2474                                 let ok_str = String::from_utf8(a_ty).unwrap();
2475                                 let err_str = String::from_utf8(b_ty).unwrap();
2476                                 let is_clonable = self.is_clonable(&ok_str) && self.is_clonable(&err_str);
2477                                 write_result_block(&mut created_container, &mangled_container, &ok_str, &err_str, is_clonable);
2478                                 if is_clonable {
2479                                         self.crate_types.set_clonable(Self::generated_container_path().to_owned() + "::" + &mangled_container);
2480                                 }
2481                         } else if container_type == "Vec" {
2482                                 let mut a_ty: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2483                                 if !self.write_template_generics(&mut a_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2484                                 let ty = String::from_utf8(a_ty).unwrap();
2485                                 let is_clonable = self.is_clonable(&ty);
2486                                 write_vec_block(&mut created_container, &mangled_container, &ty, is_clonable);
2487                                 if is_clonable {
2488                                         self.crate_types.set_clonable(Self::generated_container_path().to_owned() + "::" + &mangled_container);
2489                                 }
2490                         } else if container_type.ends_with("Tuple") {
2491                                 let mut tuple_args = Vec::new();
2492                                 let mut is_clonable = true;
2493                                 for arg in args.iter() {
2494                                         let mut ty: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2495                                         if !self.write_template_generics(&mut ty, &mut [arg].iter().map(|t| **t), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2496                                         let ty_str = String::from_utf8(ty).unwrap();
2497                                         if !self.is_clonable(&ty_str) {
2498                                                 is_clonable = false;
2499                                         }
2500                                         tuple_args.push(ty_str);
2501                                 }
2502                                 write_tuple_block(&mut created_container, &mangled_container, &tuple_args, is_clonable);
2503                                 if is_clonable {
2504                                         self.crate_types.set_clonable(Self::generated_container_path().to_owned() + "::" + &mangled_container);
2505                                 }
2506                         } else if container_type == "Option" {
2507                                 let mut a_ty: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2508                                 if !self.write_template_generics(&mut a_ty, &mut args.iter().map(|t| *t), generics, is_ref) { return false; }
2509                                 let ty = String::from_utf8(a_ty).unwrap();
2510                                 let is_clonable = self.is_clonable(&ty);
2511                                 write_option_block(&mut created_container, &mangled_container, &ty, is_clonable);
2512                                 if is_clonable {
2513                                         self.crate_types.set_clonable(Self::generated_container_path().to_owned() + "::" + &mangled_container);
2514                                 }
2515                         } else {
2516                                 unreachable!();
2517                         }
2518                         self.crate_types.write_new_template(mangled_container.clone(), true, &created_container);
2519                 }
2520                 true
2521         }
2522         fn path_to_generic_args(path: &syn::Path) -> Vec<&syn::Type> {
2523                 if let syn::PathArguments::AngleBracketed(args) = &path.segments.iter().next().unwrap().arguments {
2524                         args.args.iter().map(|gen| if let syn::GenericArgument::Type(t) = gen { t } else { unimplemented!() }).collect()
2525                 } else { unimplemented!(); }
2526         }
2527         fn write_c_mangled_container_path_intern<W: std::io::Write>
2528                         (&self, w: &mut W, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ident: &str, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, in_type: bool) -> bool {
2529                 let mut mangled_type: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2530                 if !self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref, args.iter().map(|a| *a), generics) {
2531                         write!(w, "C{}_", ident).unwrap();
2532                         write!(mangled_type, "C{}_", ident).unwrap();
2533                 } else { assert_eq!(args.len(), 1); }
2534                 for arg in args.iter() {
2535                         macro_rules! write_path {
2536                                 ($p_arg: expr, $extra_write: expr) => {
2537                                         if let Some(subtype) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&$p_arg.path, generics) {
2538                                                 if self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref, args.iter().map(|a| *a), generics) {
2539                                                         if !in_type {
2540                                                                 if self.c_type_has_inner_from_path(&subtype) {
2541                                                                         if !self.write_c_path_intern(w, &$p_arg.path, generics, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, false) { return false; }
2542                                                                 } else {
2543                                                                         if let Some(arr_ty) = self.is_real_type_array(&subtype) {
2544                                                                                 if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, &arr_ty, generics, false, true, false, false) { return false; }
2545                                                                         } else {
2546                                                                                 // Option<T> needs to be converted to a *mut T, ie mut ptr-for-ref
2547                                                                                 if !self.write_c_path_intern(w, &$p_arg.path, generics, true, true, true, false) { return false; }
2548                                                                         }
2549                                                                 }
2550                                                         } else {
2551                                                                 write!(w, "{}", $p_arg.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident).unwrap();
2552                                                         }
2553                                                 } else if self.is_known_container(&subtype, is_ref) || self.is_path_transparent_container(&$p_arg.path, generics, is_ref) {
2554                                                         if !self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path), generics,
2555                                                                         &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true) {
2556                                                                 return false;
2557                                                         }
2558                                                         self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(&mut mangled_type, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path),
2559                                                                 generics, &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true);
2560                                                         if let Some(w2) = $extra_write as Option<&mut Vec<u8>> {
2561                                                                 self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w2, Self::path_to_generic_args(&$p_arg.path),
2562                                                                         generics, &subtype, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, true);
2563                                                         }
2564                                                 } else {
2565                                                         let id = subtype.rsplitn(2, ':').next().unwrap(); // Get the "Base" name of the resolved type
2566                                                         write!(w, "{}", id).unwrap();
2567                                                         write!(mangled_type, "{}", id).unwrap();
2568                                                         if let Some(w2) = $extra_write as Option<&mut Vec<u8>> {
2569                                                                 write!(w2, "{}", id).unwrap();
2570                                                         }
2571                                                 }
2572                                         } else { return false; }
2573                                 }
2574                         }
2575                         match generics.resolve_type(arg) {
2576                                 syn::Type::Tuple(tuple) => {
2577                                         if tuple.elems.len() == 0 {
2578                                                 write!(w, "None").unwrap();
2579                                                 write!(mangled_type, "None").unwrap();
2580                                         } else {
2581                                                 let mut mangled_tuple_type: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
2582
2583                                                 // Figure out what the mangled type should look like. To disambiguate
2584                                                 // ((A, B), C) and (A, B, C) we prefix the generic args with a _ and suffix
2585                                                 // them with a Z. Ideally we wouldn't use Z, but not many special chars are
2586                                                 // available for use in type names.
2587                                                 write!(w, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
2588                                                 write!(mangled_type, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
2589                                                 write!(mangled_tuple_type, "C{}Tuple_", tuple.elems.len()).unwrap();
2590                                                 for elem in tuple.elems.iter() {
2591                                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = elem {
2592                                                                 write_path!(p, Some(&mut mangled_tuple_type));
2593                                                         } else if let syn::Type::Reference(refelem) = elem {
2594                                                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*refelem.elem {
2595                                                                         write_path!(p, Some(&mut mangled_tuple_type));
2596                                                                 } else { return false; }
2597                                                         } else { return false; }
2598                                                 }
2599                                                 write!(w, "Z").unwrap();
2600                                                 write!(mangled_type, "Z").unwrap();
2601                                                 write!(mangled_tuple_type, "Z").unwrap();
2602                                                 if !self.check_create_container(String::from_utf8(mangled_tuple_type).unwrap(),
2603                                                                 &format!("{}Tuple", tuple.elems.len()), tuple.elems.iter().collect(), generics, is_ref) {
2604                                                         return false;
2605                                                 }
2606                                         }
2607                                 },
2608                                 syn::Type::Path(p_arg) => {
2609                                         write_path!(p_arg, None);
2610                                 },
2611                                 syn::Type::Reference(refty) => {
2612                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*refty.elem {
2613                                                 write_path!(p_arg, None);
2614                                         } else if let syn::Type::Slice(_) = &*refty.elem {
2615                                                 // write_c_type will actually do exactly what we want here, we just need to
2616                                                 // make it a pointer so that its an option. Note that we cannot always convert
2617                                                 // the Vec-as-slice (ie non-ref types) containers, so sometimes need to be able
2618                                                 // to edit it, hence we use *mut here instead of *const.
2619                                                 if args.len() != 1 { return false; }
2620                                                 write!(w, "*mut ").unwrap();
2621                                                 self.write_c_type(w, arg, None, true);
2622                                         } else { return false; }
2623                                 },
2624                                 syn::Type::Array(a) => {
2625                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p_arg) = &*a.elem {
2626                                                 let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p_arg.path, generics);
2627                                                 if !self.is_primitive(&resolved) { return false; }
2628                                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit { lit: syn::Lit::Int(len), .. }) = &a.len {
2629                                                         if self.c_type_from_path(&format!("[{}; {}]", resolved, len.base10_digits()), is_ref, ptr_for_ref).is_none() { return false; }
2630                                                         if in_type || args.len() != 1 {
2631                                                                 write!(w, "_{}{}", resolved, len.base10_digits()).unwrap();
2632                                                                 write!(mangled_type, "_{}{}", resolved, len.base10_digits()).unwrap();
2633                                                         } else {
2634                                                                 let arrty = format!("[{}; {}]", resolved, len.base10_digits());
2635                                                                 let realty = self.c_type_from_path(&arrty, is_ref, ptr_for_ref).unwrap_or(&arrty);
2636                                                                 write!(w, "{}", realty).unwrap();
2637                                                                 write!(mangled_type, "{}", realty).unwrap();
2638                                                         }
2639                                                 } else { return false; }
2640                                         } else { return false; }
2641                                 },
2642                                 _ => { return false; },
2643                         }
2644                 }
2645                 if self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref, args.iter().map(|a| *a), generics) { return true; }
2646                 // Push the "end of type" Z
2647                 write!(w, "Z").unwrap();
2648                 write!(mangled_type, "Z").unwrap();
2649
2650                 // Make sure the type is actually defined:
2651                 self.check_create_container(String::from_utf8(mangled_type).unwrap(), ident, args, generics, is_ref)
2652         }
2653         fn write_c_mangled_container_path<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ident: &str, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool) -> bool {
2654                 if !self.is_transparent_container(ident, is_ref, args.iter().map(|a| *a), generics) {
2655                         write!(w, "{}::", Self::generated_container_path()).unwrap();
2656                 }
2657                 self.write_c_mangled_container_path_intern(w, args, generics, ident, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, false)
2658         }
2659         pub fn get_c_mangled_container_type(&self, args: Vec<&syn::Type>, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, template_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
2660                 let mut out = Vec::new();
2661                 if !self.write_c_mangled_container_path(&mut out, args, generics, template_name, false, false, false) {
2662                         return None;
2663                 }
2664                 Some(String::from_utf8(out).unwrap())
2665         }
2666
2667         // **********************************
2668         // *** C Type Equivalent Printing ***
2669         // **********************************
2670
2671         fn write_c_path_intern<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, path: &syn::Path, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, with_ref_lifetime: bool) -> bool {
2672                 let full_path = match self.maybe_resolve_path(&path, generics) {
2673                         Some(path) => path, None => return false };
2674                 if let Some(c_type) = self.c_type_from_path(&full_path, is_ref, ptr_for_ref) {
2675                         write!(w, "{}", c_type).unwrap();
2676                         true
2677                 } else if self.crate_types.traits.get(&full_path).is_some() {
2678                         if is_ref && ptr_for_ref {
2679                                 write!(w, "*{} crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut" } else { "const" }, full_path).unwrap();
2680                         } else if is_ref {
2681                                 if with_ref_lifetime { unimplemented!(); }
2682                                 write!(w, "&{}crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut " } else { "" }, full_path).unwrap();
2683                         } else {
2684                                 write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
2685                         }
2686                         true
2687                 } else if self.crate_types.opaques.get(&full_path).is_some() || self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&full_path).is_some() {
2688                         if is_ref && ptr_for_ref {
2689                                 // ptr_for_ref implies we're returning the object, which we can't really do for
2690                                 // opaque or mirrored types without box'ing them, which is quite a waste, so return
2691                                 // the actual object itself (for opaque types we'll set the pointer to the actual
2692                                 // type and note that its a reference).
2693                                 write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
2694                         } else if is_ref && with_ref_lifetime {
2695                                 assert!(!is_mut);
2696                                 // If we're concretizing something with a lifetime parameter, we have to pick a
2697                                 // lifetime, of which the only real available choice is `static`, obviously.
2698                                 write!(w, "&'static ").unwrap();
2699                                 self.write_rust_path(w, generics, path);
2700                         } else if is_ref {
2701                                 write!(w, "&{}crate::{}", if is_mut { "mut " } else { "" }, full_path).unwrap();
2702                         } else {
2703                                 write!(w, "crate::{}", full_path).unwrap();
2704                         }
2705                         true
2706                 } else {
2707                         false
2708                 }
2709         }
2710         fn write_c_type_intern<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, is_ref: bool, is_mut: bool, ptr_for_ref: bool, with_ref_lifetime: bool) -> bool {
2711                 match generics.resolve_type(t) {
2712                         syn::Type::Path(p) => {
2713                                 if p.qself.is_some() {
2714                                         return false;
2715                                 }
2716                                 if let Some(full_path) = self.maybe_resolve_path(&p.path, generics) {
2717                                         if self.is_known_container(&full_path, is_ref) || self.is_path_transparent_container(&p.path, generics, is_ref) {
2718                                                 return self.write_c_mangled_container_path(w, Self::path_to_generic_args(&p.path), generics, &full_path, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref);
2719                                         }
2720                                         if let Some(aliased_type) = self.crate_types.type_aliases.get(&full_path).cloned() {
2721                                                 return self.write_c_type_intern(w, &aliased_type, None, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime);
2722                                         }
2723                                 }
2724                                 self.write_c_path_intern(w, &p.path, generics, is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime)
2725                         },
2726                         syn::Type::Reference(r) => {
2727                                 self.write_c_type_intern(w, &*r.elem, generics, true, r.mutability.is_some(), ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime)
2728                         },
2729                         syn::Type::Array(a) => {
2730                                 if is_ref && is_mut {
2731                                         write!(w, "*mut [").unwrap();
2732                                         if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, &a.elem, generics, false, false, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime) { return false; }
2733                                 } else if is_ref {
2734                                         write!(w, "*const [").unwrap();
2735                                         if !self.write_c_type_intern(w, &a.elem, generics, false, false, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime) { return false; }
2736                                 } else {
2737                                         let mut typecheck = Vec::new();
2738                                         if !self.write_c_type_intern(&mut typecheck, &a.elem, generics, false, false, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime) { return false; }
2739                                         if typecheck[..] != ['u' as u8, '8' as u8] { return false; }
2740                                 }
2741                                 if let syn::Expr::Lit(l) = &a.len {
2742                                         if let syn::Lit::Int(i) = &l.lit {
2743                                                 if !is_ref {
2744                                                         if let Some(ty) = self.c_type_from_path(&format!("[u8; {}]", i.base10_digits()), false, ptr_for_ref) {
2745                                                                 write!(w, "{}", ty).unwrap();
2746                                                                 true
2747                                                         } else { false }
2748                                                 } else {
2749                                                         write!(w, "; {}]", i).unwrap();
2750                                                         true
2751                                                 }
2752                                         } else { false }
2753                                 } else { false }
2754                         }
2755                         syn::Type::Slice(s) => {
2756                                 if !is_ref || is_mut { return false; }
2757                                 if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*s.elem {
2758                                         let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
2759                                         if self.is_primitive(&resolved) {
2760                                                 write!(w, "{}::{}slice", Self::container_templ_path(), resolved).unwrap();
2761                                                 true
2762                                         } else {
2763                                                 let mut inner_c_ty = Vec::new();
2764                                                 assert!(self.write_c_path_intern(&mut inner_c_ty, &p.path, generics, true, false, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime));
2765                                                 if self.is_clonable(&String::from_utf8(inner_c_ty).unwrap()) {
2766                                                         if let Some(id) = p.path.get_ident() {
2767                                                                 let mangled_container = format!("CVec_{}Z", id);
2768                                                                 write!(w, "{}::{}", Self::generated_container_path(), mangled_container).unwrap();
2769                                                                 self.check_create_container(mangled_container, "Vec", vec![&*s.elem], generics, false)
2770                                                         } else { false }
2771                                                 } else { false }
2772                                         }
2773                                 } else if let syn::Type::Reference(r) = &*s.elem {
2774                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r.elem {
2775                                                 // Slices with "real types" inside are mapped as the equivalent non-ref Vec
2776                                                 let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
2777                                                 let mangled_container = if let Some((ident, _)) = self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved) {
2778                                                         format!("CVec_{}Z", ident)
2779                                                 } else if let Some(en) = self.crate_types.mirrored_enums.get(&resolved) {
2780                                                         format!("CVec_{}Z", en.ident)
2781                                                 } else if let Some(id) = p.path.get_ident() {
2782                                                         format!("CVec_{}Z", id)
2783                                                 } else { return false; };
2784                                                 write!(w, "{}::{}", Self::generated_container_path(), mangled_container).unwrap();
2785                                                 self.check_create_container(mangled_container, "Vec", vec![&*r.elem], generics, false)
2786                                         } else if let syn::Type::Slice(sl2) = &*r.elem {
2787                                                 if let syn::Type::Reference(r2) = &*sl2.elem {
2788                                                         if let syn::Type::Path(p) = &*r2.elem {
2789                                                                 // Slices with slices with opaque types (with is_owned flags) are mapped as non-ref Vecs
2790                                                                 let resolved = self.resolve_path(&p.path, generics);
2791                                                                 let mangled_container = if let Some((ident, _)) = self.crate_types.opaques.get(&resolved) {
2792                                                                         format!("CVec_CVec_{}ZZ", ident)
2793                                                                 } else { return false; };
2794                                                                 write!(w, "{}::{}", Self::generated_container_path(), mangled_container).unwrap();
2795                                                                 let inner = &r2.elem;
2796                                                                 let vec_ty: syn::Type = syn::parse_quote!(Vec<#inner>);
2797                                                                 self.check_create_container(mangled_container, "Vec", vec![&vec_ty], generics, false)
2798                                                         } else { false }
2799                                                 } else { false }
2800                                         } else { false }
2801                                 } else if let syn::Type::Tuple(_) = &*s.elem {
2802                                         let mut args = syn::punctuated::Punctuated::<_, syn::token::Comma>::new();
2803                                         args.push(syn::GenericArgument::Type((*s.elem).clone()));
2804                                         let mut segments = syn::punctuated::Punctuated::new();
2805                                         segments.push(parse_quote!(Vec<#args>));
2806                                         self.write_c_type_intern(w, &syn::Type::Path(syn::TypePath { qself: None, path: syn::Path { leading_colon: None, segments } }), generics, false, is_mut, ptr_for_ref, with_ref_lifetime)
2807                                 } else { false }
2808                         },
2809                         syn::Type::Tuple(t) => {
2810                                 if t.elems.len() == 0 {
2811                                         true
2812                                 } else {
2813                                         self.write_c_mangled_container_path(w, t.elems.iter().collect(), generics,
2814                                                 &format!("{}Tuple", t.elems.len()), is_ref, is_mut, ptr_for_ref)
2815                                 }
2816                         },
2817                         _ => false,
2818                 }
2819         }
2820         pub fn write_c_type<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2821                 assert!(self.write_c_type_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, ptr_for_ref, false));
2822         }
2823         pub fn write_c_type_in_generic_param<W: std::io::Write>(&self, w: &mut W, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>, ptr_for_ref: bool) {
2824                 assert!(self.write_c_type_intern(w, t, generics, false, false, ptr_for_ref, true));
2825         }
2826         pub fn understood_c_path(&self, p: &syn::Path) -> bool {
2827                 if p.leading_colon.is_some() { return false; }
2828                 self.write_c_path_intern(&mut std::io::sink(), p, None, false, false, false, false)
2829         }
2830         pub fn understood_c_type(&self, t: &syn::Type, generics: Option<&GenericTypes>) -> bool {
2831                 self.write_c_type_intern(&mut std::io::sink(), t, generics, false, false, false, false)
2832         }
2833 }