[ldk-c-bindings] / lightning-c-bindings / src / c_types / mod.rs

//! This module contains standard C-mapped types for types not in the original crate.

/// Auto-generated C-mapped types for templated containers
pub mod derived;

use bitcoin::Transaction as BitcoinTransaction;
use bitcoin::hashes::Hash;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::PublicKey as SecpPublicKey;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::SecretKey as SecpSecretKey;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::ecdsa::Signature as SecpSignature;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::Error as SecpError;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::ecdsa::RecoveryId;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::ecdsa::RecoverableSignature as SecpRecoverableSignature;
use bitcoin::secp256k1::Scalar as SecpScalar;
use bitcoin::bech32;
use bitcoin::util::address;

use core::convert::TryInto; // Bindings need at least rustc 1.34
use core::ffi::c_void;

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub(crate) use std::io::{self, Cursor, Read};
#[cfg(feature = "no-std")]
pub(crate) use core2::io::{self, Cursor, Read};
#[cfg(feature = "no-std")]
use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec::Vec, string::String};

use core::convert::TryFrom;

#[repr(C)]
/// A dummy struct of which an instance must never exist.
/// This corresponds to the Rust type `Infallible`, or, in unstable rust, `!`
pub struct NotConstructable {
        _priv_thing: core::convert::Infallible,
}
impl From<core::convert::Infallible> for NotConstructable {
        fn from(_: core::convert::Infallible) -> Self { unreachable!(); }
}

/// Integer in the range `0..32`
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone)]
#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
#[repr(C)]
pub struct u5(u8);

impl From<bech32::u5> for u5 {
        fn from(o: bech32::u5) -> Self { Self(o.to_u8()) }
}
impl Into<bech32::u5> for u5 {
        fn into(self) -> bech32::u5 { bech32::u5::try_from_u8(self.0).expect("u5 objects must be in the range 0..32") }
}

/// Integer in the range `0..=16`
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
pub struct WitnessVersion(u8);

impl From<address::WitnessVersion> for WitnessVersion {
        fn from(o: address::WitnessVersion) -> Self { Self(o.to_num()) }
}
impl Into<address::WitnessVersion> for WitnessVersion {
        fn into(self) -> address::WitnessVersion {
                address::WitnessVersion::try_from(self.0).expect("WitnessVersion objects must be in the range 0..=16")
        }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
/// Represents a valid secp256k1 public key serialized in "compressed form" as a 33 byte array.
pub struct PublicKey {
        /// The bytes of the public key
        pub compressed_form: [u8; 33],
}
impl PublicKey {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(pk: &SecpPublicKey) -> Self {
                Self {
                        compressed_form: pk.serialize(),
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(&self) -> SecpPublicKey {
                SecpPublicKey::from_slice(&self.compressed_form).unwrap()
        }
        pub(crate) fn is_null(&self) -> bool { self.compressed_form[..] == [0; 33][..] }
        pub(crate) fn null() -> Self { Self { compressed_form: [0; 33] } }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone)]
/// Represents a valid secp256k1 secret key serialized as a 32 byte array.
pub struct SecretKey {
        /// The bytes of the secret key
        pub bytes: [u8; 32],
}
impl SecretKey {
        // from_rust isn't implemented for a ref since we just return byte array refs directly
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(sk: SecpSecretKey) -> Self {
                let mut bytes = [0; 32];
                bytes.copy_from_slice(&sk[..]);
                Self { bytes }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(&self) -> SecpSecretKey {
                SecpSecretKey::from_slice(&self.bytes).unwrap()
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone)]
/// Represents a secp256k1 signature serialized as two 32-byte numbers
pub struct Signature {
        /// The bytes of the signature in "compact" form
        pub compact_form: [u8; 64],
}
impl Signature {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(pk: &SecpSignature) -> Self {
                Self {
                        compact_form: pk.serialize_compact(),
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(&self) -> SecpSignature {
                SecpSignature::from_compact(&self.compact_form).unwrap()
        }
        // The following are used for Option<Signature> which we support, but don't use anymore
        #[allow(unused)] pub(crate) fn is_null(&self) -> bool { self.compact_form[..] == [0; 64][..] }
        #[allow(unused)] pub(crate) fn null() -> Self { Self { compact_form: [0; 64] } }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone)]
/// Represents a secp256k1 signature serialized as two 32-byte numbers as well as a tag which
/// allows recovering the exact public key which created the signature given the message.
pub struct RecoverableSignature {
        /// The bytes of the signature in "compact" form plus a "Recovery ID" which allows for
        /// recovery.
        pub serialized_form: [u8; 68],
}
impl RecoverableSignature {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(pk: &SecpRecoverableSignature) -> Self {
                let (id, compact_form) = pk.serialize_compact();
                let mut serialized_form = [0; 68];
                serialized_form[0..64].copy_from_slice(&compact_form[..]);
                serialized_form[64..].copy_from_slice(&id.to_i32().to_le_bytes());
                Self { serialized_form }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(&self) -> SecpRecoverableSignature {
                let mut id = [0; 4];
                id.copy_from_slice(&self.serialized_form[64..]);
                SecpRecoverableSignature::from_compact(&self.serialized_form[0..64],
                                RecoveryId::from_i32(i32::from_le_bytes(id)).expect("Invalid Recovery ID"))
                        .unwrap()
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone)]
/// Represents a scalar value between zero and the secp256k1 curve order, in big endian.
pub struct BigEndianScalar {
        /// The bytes of the scalar value.
        pub big_endian_bytes: [u8; 32],
}
impl BigEndianScalar {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(scalar: &SecpScalar) -> Self {
                Self { big_endian_bytes: scalar.to_be_bytes() }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(&self) -> SecpScalar {
                SecpScalar::from_be_bytes(self.big_endian_bytes).expect("Scalar greater than the curve order")
        }
}

#[no_mangle]
/// Convenience function for constructing a new BigEndianScalar
pub extern "C" fn BigEndianScalar_new(big_endian_bytes: ThirtyTwoBytes) -> BigEndianScalar {
        BigEndianScalar { big_endian_bytes: big_endian_bytes.data }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
/// Represents an error returned from libsecp256k1 during validation of some secp256k1 data
pub enum Secp256k1Error {
        /// Signature failed verification
        IncorrectSignature,
        /// Badly sized message ("messages" are actually fixed-sized digests; see the MESSAGE_SIZE constant)
        InvalidMessage,
        /// Bad public key
        InvalidPublicKey,
        /// Bad signature
        InvalidSignature,
        /// Bad secret key
        InvalidSecretKey,
        /// Bad shared secret.
        InvalidSharedSecret,
        /// Bad recovery id
        InvalidRecoveryId,
        /// Invalid tweak for add_assign or mul_assign
        InvalidTweak,
        /// Didn't pass enough memory to context creation with preallocated memory
        NotEnoughMemory,
        /// Bad set of public keys.
        InvalidPublicKeySum,
        /// The only valid parity values are 0 or 1.
        InvalidParityValue,
}
impl Secp256k1Error {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(err: SecpError) -> Self {
                match err {
                        SecpError::IncorrectSignature => Secp256k1Error::IncorrectSignature,
                        SecpError::InvalidMessage => Secp256k1Error::InvalidMessage,
                        SecpError::InvalidPublicKey => Secp256k1Error::InvalidPublicKey,
                        SecpError::InvalidSignature => Secp256k1Error::InvalidSignature,
                        SecpError::InvalidSecretKey => Secp256k1Error::InvalidSecretKey,
                        SecpError::InvalidSharedSecret => Secp256k1Error::InvalidSharedSecret,
                        SecpError::InvalidRecoveryId => Secp256k1Error::InvalidRecoveryId,
                        SecpError::InvalidTweak => Secp256k1Error::InvalidTweak,
                        SecpError::NotEnoughMemory => Secp256k1Error::NotEnoughMemory,
                        SecpError::InvalidPublicKeySum => Secp256k1Error::InvalidPublicKeySum,
                        SecpError::InvalidParityValue(_) => Secp256k1Error::InvalidParityValue,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(self) -> SecpError {
                let invalid_parity = secp256k1::Parity::from_i32(42).unwrap_err();
                match self {
                        Secp256k1Error::IncorrectSignature => SecpError::IncorrectSignature,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidMessage => SecpError::InvalidMessage,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidPublicKey => SecpError::InvalidPublicKey,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidSignature => SecpError::InvalidSignature,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidSecretKey => SecpError::InvalidSecretKey,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidSharedSecret => SecpError::InvalidSharedSecret,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidRecoveryId => SecpError::InvalidRecoveryId,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidTweak => SecpError::InvalidTweak,
                        Secp256k1Error::NotEnoughMemory => SecpError::NotEnoughMemory,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidPublicKeySum => SecpError::InvalidPublicKeySum,
                        Secp256k1Error::InvalidParityValue => SecpError::InvalidParityValue(invalid_parity),
                }
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
/// Represents an error returned from the bech32 library during validation of some bech32 data
pub enum Bech32Error {
        /// String does not contain the separator character
        MissingSeparator,
        /// The checksum does not match the rest of the data
        InvalidChecksum,
        /// The data or human-readable part is too long or too short
        InvalidLength,
        /// Some part of the string contains an invalid character
        InvalidChar(u32),
        /// Some part of the data has an invalid value
        InvalidData(u8),
        /// The bit conversion failed due to a padding issue
        InvalidPadding,
        /// The whole string must be of one case
        MixedCase,
}
impl Bech32Error {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(err: bech32::Error) -> Self {
                match err {
                        bech32::Error::MissingSeparator => Self::MissingSeparator,
                        bech32::Error::InvalidChecksum => Self::InvalidChecksum,
                        bech32::Error::InvalidLength => Self::InvalidLength,
                        bech32::Error::InvalidChar(c) => Self::InvalidChar(c as u32),
                        bech32::Error::InvalidData(d) => Self::InvalidData(d),
                        bech32::Error::InvalidPadding => Self::InvalidPadding,
                        bech32::Error::MixedCase => Self::MixedCase,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(self) -> bech32::Error {
                match self {
                        Self::MissingSeparator => bech32::Error::MissingSeparator,
                        Self::InvalidChecksum => bech32::Error::InvalidChecksum,
                        Self::InvalidLength => bech32::Error::InvalidLength,
                        Self::InvalidChar(c) => bech32::Error::InvalidChar(core::char::from_u32(c).expect("Invalid UTF-8 character in Bech32Error::InvalidChar")),
                        Self::InvalidData(d) => bech32::Error::InvalidData(d),
                        Self::InvalidPadding => bech32::Error::InvalidPadding,
                        Self::MixedCase => bech32::Error::MixedCase,
                }
        }
}
#[no_mangle]
/// Creates a new Bech32Error which has the same data as `orig`
pub extern "C" fn Bech32Error_clone(orig: &Bech32Error) -> Bech32Error { orig.clone() }
#[no_mangle]
/// Releases any memory held by the given `Bech32Error` (which is currently none)
pub extern "C" fn Bech32Error_free(o: Bech32Error) { }

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
/// Sub-errors which don't have specific information in them use this type.
pub struct Error {
        /// Zero-Sized_types aren't consistent across Rust/C/C++, so we add some size here
        pub _dummy: u8,
}

#[repr(C)]
#[allow(missing_docs)] // If there's no docs upstream, that's good enough for us
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
/// Represents an IO Error. Note that some information is lost in the conversion from Rust.
pub enum IOError {
        NotFound,
        PermissionDenied,
        ConnectionRefused,
        ConnectionReset,
        ConnectionAborted,
        NotConnected,
        AddrInUse,
        AddrNotAvailable,
        BrokenPipe,
        AlreadyExists,
        WouldBlock,
        InvalidInput,
        InvalidData,
        TimedOut,
        WriteZero,
        Interrupted,
        Other,
        UnexpectedEof,
}
impl IOError {
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(err: io::Error) -> Self {
                match err.kind() {
                        io::ErrorKind::NotFound => IOError::NotFound,
                        io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => IOError::PermissionDenied,
                        io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused => IOError::ConnectionRefused,
                        io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset => IOError::ConnectionReset,
                        io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted => IOError::ConnectionAborted,
                        io::ErrorKind::NotConnected => IOError::NotConnected,
                        io::ErrorKind::AddrInUse => IOError::AddrInUse,
                        io::ErrorKind::AddrNotAvailable => IOError::AddrNotAvailable,
                        io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe => IOError::BrokenPipe,
                        io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => IOError::AlreadyExists,
                        io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => IOError::WouldBlock,
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput => IOError::InvalidInput,
                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData => IOError::InvalidData,
                        io::ErrorKind::TimedOut => IOError::TimedOut,
                        io::ErrorKind::WriteZero => IOError::WriteZero,
                        io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => IOError::Interrupted,
                        io::ErrorKind::Other => IOError::Other,
                        io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => IOError::UnexpectedEof,
                        _ => IOError::Other,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn to_rust(&self) -> io::Error {
                io::Error::new(match self {
                        IOError::NotFound => io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
                        IOError::PermissionDenied => io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied,
                        IOError::ConnectionRefused => io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused,
                        IOError::ConnectionReset => io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset,
                        IOError::ConnectionAborted => io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted,
                        IOError::NotConnected => io::ErrorKind::NotConnected,
                        IOError::AddrInUse => io::ErrorKind::AddrInUse,
                        IOError::AddrNotAvailable => io::ErrorKind::AddrNotAvailable,
                        IOError::BrokenPipe => io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe,
                        IOError::AlreadyExists => io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
                        IOError::WouldBlock => io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock,
                        IOError::InvalidInput => io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
                        IOError::InvalidData => io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                        IOError::TimedOut => io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
                        IOError::WriteZero => io::ErrorKind::WriteZero,
                        IOError::Interrupted => io::ErrorKind::Interrupted,
                        IOError::Other => io::ErrorKind::Other,
                        IOError::UnexpectedEof => io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
                }, "")
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
/// A serialized transaction, in (pointer, length) form.
///
/// This type optionally owns its own memory, and thus the semantics around access change based on
/// the `data_is_owned` flag. If `data_is_owned` is set, you must call `Transaction_free` to free
/// the underlying buffer before the object goes out of scope. If `data_is_owned` is not set, any
/// access to the buffer after the scope in which the object was provided to you is invalid. eg,
/// access after you return from the call in which a `!data_is_owned` `Transaction` is provided to
/// you would be invalid.
///
/// Note that, while it may change in the future, because transactions on the Rust side are stored
/// in a deserialized form, all `Transaction`s generated on the Rust side will have `data_is_owned`
/// set. Similarly, while it may change in the future, all `Transaction`s you pass to Rust may have
/// `data_is_owned` either set or unset at your discretion.
pub struct Transaction {
        /// The serialized transaction data.
        ///
        /// This is non-const for your convenience, an object passed to Rust is never written to.
        pub data: *mut u8,
        /// The length of the serialized transaction
        pub datalen: usize,
        /// Whether the data pointed to by `data` should be freed or not.
        pub data_is_owned: bool,
}
impl Transaction {
        fn from_vec(vec: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
                let datalen = vec.len();
                let data = Box::into_raw(vec.into_boxed_slice());
                Self {
                        data: unsafe { (*data).as_mut_ptr() },
                        datalen,
                        data_is_owned: true,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_bitcoin(&self) -> BitcoinTransaction {
                if self.datalen == 0 { panic!("0-length buffer can never represent a valid Transaction"); }
                ::bitcoin::consensus::encode::deserialize(unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.data, self.datalen) }).unwrap()
        }
        pub(crate) fn from_bitcoin(btc: &BitcoinTransaction) -> Self {
                let vec = ::bitcoin::consensus::encode::serialize(btc);
                Self::from_vec(vec)
        }
}
impl Drop for Transaction {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
                if self.data_is_owned && self.datalen != 0 {
                        let _ = derived::CVec_u8Z { data: self.data as *mut u8, datalen: self.datalen };
                }
        }
}
impl Clone for Transaction {
        fn clone(&self) -> Self {
                let sl = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.data, self.datalen) };
                let mut v = Vec::new();
                v.extend_from_slice(&sl);
                Self::from_vec(v)
        }
}
#[no_mangle]
/// Frees the data buffer, if data_is_owned is set and datalen > 0.
pub extern "C" fn Transaction_free(_res: Transaction) { }

pub(crate) fn bitcoin_to_C_outpoint(outpoint: ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint) -> crate::lightning::chain::transaction::OutPoint {
        crate::lightning::chain::transaction::OutPoint_new(ThirtyTwoBytes { data: outpoint.txid.into_inner() }, outpoint.vout.try_into().unwrap())
}
pub(crate) fn C_to_bitcoin_outpoint(outpoint: crate::lightning::chain::transaction::OutPoint) -> ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint {
        unsafe {
                ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::OutPoint {
                        txid: (*outpoint.inner).txid, vout: (*outpoint.inner).index as u32
                }
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone)]
/// A transaction output including a scriptPubKey and value.
/// This type *does* own its own memory, so must be free'd appropriately.
pub struct TxOut {
        /// The script_pubkey in this output
        pub script_pubkey: derived::CVec_u8Z,
        /// The value, in satoshis, of this output
        pub value: u64,
}

impl TxOut {
        pub(crate) fn into_rust(mut self) -> ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut {
                ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut {
                        script_pubkey: self.script_pubkey.into_rust().into(),
                        value: self.value,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn from_rust(txout: ::bitcoin::blockdata::transaction::TxOut) -> Self {
                Self {
                        script_pubkey: derived::CVec_u8Z::from(txout.script_pubkey.into_bytes()),
                        value: txout.value
                }
        }
}

#[no_mangle]
/// Convenience function for constructing a new TxOut
pub extern "C" fn TxOut_new(script_pubkey: derived::CVec_u8Z, value: u64) -> TxOut {
        TxOut { script_pubkey, value }
}
#[no_mangle]
/// Frees the data pointed to by script_pubkey.
pub extern "C" fn TxOut_free(_res: TxOut) { }
#[no_mangle]
/// Creates a new TxOut which has the same data as `orig` but with a new script buffer.
pub extern "C" fn TxOut_clone(orig: &TxOut) -> TxOut { orig.clone() }

#[repr(C)]
/// A "slice" referencing some byte array. This is simply a length-tagged pointer which does not
/// own the memory pointed to by data.
pub struct u8slice {
        /// A pointer to the byte buffer
        pub data: *const u8,
        /// The number of bytes pointed to by `data`.
        pub datalen: usize
}
impl u8slice {
        pub(crate) fn from_slice(s: &[u8]) -> Self {
                Self {
                        data: s.as_ptr(),
                        datalen: s.len(),
                }
        }
        pub(crate) fn to_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
                if self.datalen == 0 { return &[]; }
                unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.data, self.datalen) }
        }
        pub(crate) fn to_reader<'a>(&'a self) -> Cursor<&'a [u8]> {
                let sl = self.to_slice();
                Cursor::new(sl)
        }
        pub(crate) fn from_vec(v: &derived::CVec_u8Z) -> u8slice {
                Self::from_slice(v.as_slice())
        }
}
pub(crate) fn reader_to_vec<R: Read>(r: &mut R) -> derived::CVec_u8Z {
        let mut res = Vec::new();
        r.read_to_end(&mut res).unwrap();
        derived::CVec_u8Z::from(res)
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
/// Arbitrary 32 bytes, which could represent one of a few different things. You probably want to
/// look up the corresponding function in rust-lightning's docs.
pub struct ThirtyTwoBytes {
        /// The thirty-two bytes
        pub data: [u8; 32],
}
impl ThirtyTwoBytes {
        pub(crate) fn null() -> Self {
                Self { data: [0; 32] }
        }
}

#[repr(C)]
/// A 3-byte byte array.
pub struct ThreeBytes { /** The three bytes */ pub data: [u8; 3], }
#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
/// A 4-byte byte array.
pub struct FourBytes { /** The four bytes */ pub data: [u8; 4], }
#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
/// A 12-byte byte array.
pub struct TwelveBytes { /** The twelve bytes */ pub data: [u8; 12], }
#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
/// A 16-byte byte array.
pub struct SixteenBytes { /** The sixteen bytes */ pub data: [u8; 16], }
#[derive(Clone)]
#[repr(C)]
/// A 20-byte byte array.
pub struct TwentyBytes { /** The twenty bytes */ pub data: [u8; 20], }

pub(crate) struct VecWriter(pub Vec<u8>);
impl lightning::util::ser::Writer for VecWriter {
        fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
                self.0.extend_from_slice(buf);
                Ok(())
        }
}
pub(crate) fn serialize_obj<I: lightning::util::ser::Writeable>(i: &I) -> derived::CVec_u8Z {
        let mut out = VecWriter(Vec::new());
        i.write(&mut out).unwrap();
        derived::CVec_u8Z::from(out.0)
}
pub(crate) fn deserialize_obj<I: lightning::util::ser::Readable>(s: u8slice) -> Result<I, lightning::ln::msgs::DecodeError> {
        I::read(&mut s.to_slice())
}
pub(crate) fn maybe_deserialize_obj<I: lightning::util::ser::MaybeReadable>(s: u8slice) -> Result<Option<I>, lightning::ln::msgs::DecodeError> {
        I::read(&mut s.to_slice())
}
pub(crate) fn deserialize_obj_arg<A, I: lightning::util::ser::ReadableArgs<A>>(s: u8slice, args: A) -> Result<I, lightning::ln::msgs::DecodeError> {
        I::read(&mut s.to_slice(), args)
}

#[repr(C)]
/// A Rust str object, ie a reference to a UTF8-valid string.
/// This is *not* null-terminated so cannot be used directly as a C string!
pub struct Str {
        /// A pointer to the string's bytes, in UTF8 encoding
        pub chars: *const u8,
        /// The number of bytes (not characters!) pointed to by `chars`
        pub len: usize,
        /// Whether the data pointed to by `chars` should be freed or not.
        pub chars_is_owned: bool,
}
impl Into<Str> for &'static str {
        fn into(self) -> Str {
                Str { chars: self.as_ptr(), len: self.len(), chars_is_owned: false }
        }
}
impl Into<Str> for &mut &'static str {
        fn into(self) -> Str {
                let us: &'static str = *self;
                us.into()
        }
}

impl Str {
        pub(crate) fn into_str(&self) -> &'static str {
                if self.len == 0 { return ""; }
                core::str::from_utf8(unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.chars, self.len) }).unwrap()
        }
        pub(crate) fn into_string(mut self) -> String {
                let bytes = if self.len == 0 {
                        Vec::new()
                } else if self.chars_is_owned {
                        let ret = unsafe {
                                Box::from_raw(core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(unsafe { self.chars as *mut u8 }, self.len))
                        }.into();
                        self.chars_is_owned = false;
                        ret
                } else {
                        let mut ret = Vec::with_capacity(self.len);
                        ret.extend_from_slice(unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.chars, self.len) });
                        ret
                };
                String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap()
        }
}
impl Into<Str> for String {
        fn into(self) -> Str {
                let s = Box::leak(self.into_boxed_str());
                Str { chars: s.as_ptr(), len: s.len(), chars_is_owned: true }
        }
}
impl Clone for Str {
        fn clone(&self) -> Self {
                String::from(self.into_str()).into()
        }
}

impl Drop for Str {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
                if self.chars_is_owned && self.len != 0 {
                        let _ = derived::CVec_u8Z { data: self.chars as *mut u8, datalen: self.len };
                }
        }
}
#[no_mangle]
/// Frees the data buffer, if chars_is_owned is set and len > 0.
pub extern "C" fn Str_free(_res: Str) { }

// Note that the C++ headers memset(0) all the Templ types to avoid deallocation!
// Thus, they must gracefully handle being completely null in _free.

// TODO: Integer/bool primitives should avoid the pointer indirection for underlying types
// everywhere in the containers.

#[repr(C)]
pub(crate) union CResultPtr<O, E> {
        pub(crate) result: *mut O,
        pub(crate) err: *mut E,
}
#[repr(C)]
pub(crate) struct CResultTempl<O, E> {
        pub(crate) contents: CResultPtr<O, E>,
        pub(crate) result_ok: bool,
}
impl<O, E> CResultTempl<O, E> {
        pub(crate) extern "C" fn ok(o: O) -> Self {
                CResultTempl {
                        contents: CResultPtr {
                                result: Box::into_raw(Box::new(o)),
                        },
                        result_ok: true,
                }
        }
        pub(crate) extern "C" fn err(e: E) -> Self {
                CResultTempl {
                        contents: CResultPtr {
                                err: Box::into_raw(Box::new(e)),
                        },
                        result_ok: false,
                }
        }
}
impl<O, E> Drop for CResultTempl<O, E> {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
                if self.result_ok {
                        if unsafe { !self.contents.result.is_null() } {
                                unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.contents.result) };
                        }
                } else if unsafe { !self.contents.err.is_null() } {
                        unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.contents.err) };
                }
        }
}

/// Utility to make it easy to set a pointer to null and get its original value in line.
pub(crate) trait TakePointer<T> {
        fn take_ptr(&mut self) -> T;
}
impl<T> TakePointer<*const T> for *const T {
        fn take_ptr(&mut self) -> *const T {
                let ret = *self;
                *self = core::ptr::null();
                ret
        }
}
impl<T> TakePointer<*mut T> for *mut T {
        fn take_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T {
                let ret = *self;
                *self = core::ptr::null_mut();
                ret
        }
}


pub(crate) mod ObjOps {
        #[cfg(feature = "no-std")]
        use alloc::boxed::Box;

        #[inline]
        #[must_use = "returns new dangling pointer"]
        pub(crate) fn heap_alloc<T>(obj: T) -> *mut T {
                let ptr = Box::into_raw(Box::new(obj));
                nonnull_ptr_to_inner(ptr)
        }
        #[inline]
        pub(crate) fn nonnull_ptr_to_inner<T>(ptr: *const T) -> *mut T {
                if core::mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
                        // We map `None::<T>` as `T { inner: null, .. }` which works great for all
                        // non-Zero-Sized-Types `T`.
                        // For ZSTs, we need to differentiate between null implying `None` and null implying
                        // `Some` with no allocation.
                        // Thus, for ZSTs, we add one (usually) page here, which should always be aligned.
                        // Note that this relies on undefined behavior! A pointer to NULL may be valid, but a
                        // pointer to NULL + 4096 is almost certainly not. That said, Rust's existing use of
                        // `(*mut T)1` for the pointer we're adding to is also not defined, so we should be
                        // fine.
                        // Note that we add 4095 here as at least the Java client assumes that the low bit on
                        // any heap pointer is 0, which is generally provided by malloc, but which is not true
                        // for ZSTs "allocated" by `Box::new`.
                        debug_assert_eq!(ptr as usize, 1);
                        unsafe { (ptr as *mut T).cast::<u8>().add(4096 - 1).cast::<T>() }
                } else {
                        // In order to get better test coverage, also increment non-ZST pointers with
                        // --cfg=test_mod_pointers, which is set in genbindings.sh for debug builds.
                        #[cfg(test_mod_pointers)]
                        unsafe { (ptr as *mut T).cast::<u8>().add(4096).cast::<T>() }
                        #[cfg(not(test_mod_pointers))]
                        unsafe { ptr as *mut T }
                }
        }
        #[inline]
        /// Invert nonnull_ptr_to_inner
        pub(crate) fn untweak_ptr<T>(ptr: *mut T) -> *mut T {
                if core::mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
                        unsafe { ptr.cast::<u8>().sub(4096 - 1).cast::<T>() }
                } else {
                        #[cfg(test_mod_pointers)]
                        unsafe { ptr.cast::<u8>().sub(4096).cast::<T>() }
                        #[cfg(not(test_mod_pointers))]
                        ptr
                }
        }
}

#[cfg(test_mod_pointers)]
#[no_mangle]
/// This function exists for memory safety testing purposes. It should never be used in production
/// code
pub extern "C" fn __unmangle_inner_ptr(ptr: *const c_void) -> *const c_void {
        if ptr as usize == 1 {
                core::ptr::null()
        } else {
                unsafe { ptr.cast::<u8>().sub(4096).cast::<c_void>() }
        }
}

pub(crate) struct SmartPtr<T> {
        ptr: *mut T,
}
impl<T> SmartPtr<T> {
        pub(crate) fn from_obj(o: T) -> Self {
                Self { ptr: Box::into_raw(Box::new(o)) }
        }
        pub(crate) fn null() -> Self {
                Self { ptr: core::ptr::null_mut() }
        }
}
impl<T> Drop for SmartPtr<T> {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
                if self.ptr != core::ptr::null_mut() {
                        unsafe { Box::from_raw(self.ptr); }
                }
        }
}
impl<T> core::ops::Deref for SmartPtr<T> {
        type Target = *mut T;
        fn deref(&self) -> &*mut T {
                &self.ptr
        }
}