[bindings] Replace associated_types HashMaps with common Generics

[bindings] Replace associated_types HashMaps with common Generics

Instead of handling associated types separately, we can just shove
them into the same generics resolution logic we use for template
types. While we should probably have some precedence logic,
aliasing type names seems like a bad idea anyway so no effort is
made to handle it.

This removes a good chunk of code and, more importantly, tees us up
for supporting `Type<Self::AssociatedType>`-style generics.